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Chemistry > C11 - Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C11 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Homologous series and the general characteristics it has? [3]

A
  • a family of similar compounds with similar chemical properties
  • same general formula
  • displaying a trend in physical properties
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2
Q

What are alkanes? [2]

A

saturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain only single covalent bonds

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3
Q

What are properties of alkanes? [3]

A
  • boiling point increases with chain length
  • shorter chains evaporate more easily
  • shorter alkanes are more flammable - easier to burn
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4
Q

What is the general formula for an alkane? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₂

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5
Q

What is the general formula for an alkene? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ

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6
Q

What are the prefixes for the words? [10]

A
  • meth
  • eth
  • prop
  • but
  • pent
  • hex
  • hept
  • oct
  • non
  • dec
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7
Q

What is the family name for an alkane? [1]

A

‘ane’

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8
Q

What is the family name for an alkene? [1]

A

‘ene’

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9
Q

Why are alkenes unsaturated? [1]

A

because they contain a carbon double bond

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10
Q

What are alkenes? [2]

A

unsaturated hydrocarbons whose molecules contain one double covalent bond

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11
Q

How are alkenes produced? [1]

A

cracking

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12
Q

What is the general formula for an alcohol? [1]

A

CₙH₂ₙ₊₁OH

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13
Q

What is the family name for an alcohol? [1]

A

‘ol’

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14
Q

What is the bonding like in an alcohol? [1]

A

C - OH

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15
Q

What is the bonding like in an alkene? [1]

A

C = C

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16
Q

What is the bonding like in an alkane? [1]

A

H
H - C - H
H

(single covalent bonds)

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17
Q

How can ethanol be formed? [2]

A
  • fermentation
  • reaction between ethene and steam
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18
Q

What is formed when an alkene is reacted with water? [1]

A

alcohol

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19
Q

What is formed when an alkene reacts with hydrogen gas? [1]

A

alkane

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20
Q

What is formed when an alkene is reacted with bromine? [1]

A

dibromoalkane

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21
Q

What is made when ethene reacts with hydrogen gas? [1]

A

ethane

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22
Q

What is made when ethene reacts with water? [1]

A

ethanol

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23
Q

What is the test for an unsaturated compound? [1]

A
  • mix compound with bromine water
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24
Q

What is a positive result for testing for an unsaturated compound? [2]

A
  • alkene: it decolourises the bromine water (from brown - colourless)
  • alkane: no reaction and colour stays the same
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25
What is a saturated compound? [1]
it only has single bonds
26
What is a hydrocarbon? [2]
an organic compound which only contains hydrogen and carbon
27
What is the formula for complete combustion? [2]
hydrocarbon + oxygen --> carbon dioxide + water
28
What type of reaction is combustion and why? [2]
- exothermic - it releases loads of energy in the process
29
What is complete combustion? [1]
excess oxygen forms CO₂ + H₂O
30
What is incomplete combustion? [1]
limited oxygen forms CO + H₂O
31
What is crude oil and where do we get it from? [3]
- fossil fuel - we get it from deep under the ground - mixture of lots of different compounds
32
Most of crude oil's compounds are what? [1]
hydrocarbons
33
What does fractional distillation do? [3]
- separates all the different hydrocarbons from crude oil - separates them into useful fractions - heats up the crude oil
34
What are the stages of the fractional distillation compounds from cool to hot? [5]
- refinery gas - gasoline fraction - naptha - diesel oil - bitumen
35
What is refinery gas used for? [1]
bottled gas for heating and cooking
36
What is gasoline fraction used for? [1]
for petrol in cars
37
What is naptha used for? [1]
feedstock for making chemicals
38
What is diesel oil used for? [1]
fueld in diesel engines
39
What is bitumen used for? [1]
road surfaces
40
What is the other name for crude oil? [1]
petroleum
41
What is the main constituent of natural gas? [1]
methane
42
What are the uses of ethanol? [2]
- as a solvent - as a fuel
43
What type of reaction is cracking and what does it mean? [2]
- thermal decomposition reaction - breaking down molecules by heating them
44
What is the formula for cracking? [1]
long chain alkane --> shorter alkane + alkene
45
What are properties of alkenes? [2]
- more reactive than alkanes - they can be added together to make polymers
46
Why can alkenes be added to make polymers? [1]
their double bond can break to form two or more bonds
47
What are properties of alcohols? [3]
- flammable - soluble - can be oxidised to form carboxylic acids
48
What is the functional group of a carboxylic acid? [1]
-COOH
49
What happens when cracking happens? [2]
- larger alkane molecules are cracked - smaller alkanes and alkenes are produced
50
What conditions are needed for cracking to happen? [2]
- suitable catalysts needed - high temperature needed
51
What are some fossil fuels that produce carbon dioxide on combustion? [3]
- coal - natural gas - petroleum
52
What are polymers? [2]
large molecules built up from many smaller molecules called monomers
53
What is the bond like for an amide? [1]
O = C - N - H
54
What is the bond like for an ester? [1]
O - C = O
55
What does acid + alcohol make? [1]
ester
56
What does acid + amine make? [1]
amide
57
What is a synthentic polymer? [1]
made in the lab (artificially made)
58
If there's only one product, what type of reaction is it? [1]
addition
59
What is produced from a condensation reaction? [2]
- water - product
60
What is the difference between an addition reaction and a condensation reaction? [4]
- addition reactions are formed from 1 monomer which has a double bond - condensation reactions are formed from 2 different monomers - addition reactions form no byproducts - condensation reactions form water as a byproduct
61
How do the properties of the fractions obtained from fractional distillation change from bottom to top? [2]
- decreasing chain length - lower boiling points
62
What is one of the main polymers in plastic? [1]
polypropene
63
What has happened to form poly(ethene)? [2]
- addition polymerisation - using ethene monomers

Chemistry (16 decks)

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