C1.2 Flashcards
(15 cards)
How are igneous rocks formed?
molten magma pushes up into the crust then cools and solidifies
these rocks contain different minerals in randomly arranged interlocking crystals
What’s the difference between extrusive and intrusive igneous rock?
extrusive:
cool quickly above ground so form small crystals
e.g basalt and rhyolite
intrusive:
cool slowly underground so form large crystals
e.g granite and gabbro
How are sedimentary rocks formed?
layers of sediment in lakes and seas e.g mudstone, sandstone
over millions of years, layers buried under more layers. the weight pressing down squeezes out the water
fluids flowing through pores deposit natural mineral cement
limestone and chalk examples of sedimentary rocks. still contain fossils as nor formed from high temperature, remains and imprints of dead organisms not destroyed
How are metamorphic rocks formed?
heat and pressure on igneous or sedimentary rocks over long periods
mineral structure and texture may change but composition same as before
marble formed from limestone and chalk
high temperatures break down limestone and it reforms as crystals, giving marble a more even texture and making it harder
How can limestone be used to make other things?
powdered limestone heated in a kiln with powdered clay to make cement
the cement can be mixed with sand, water and gravel to make concrete
if limestone heated with sand and sodium carbonate until it melts, glass is made
What are the advantages and disadvantages of using limestone?
advantages:
used as building material - cement, concrete, glass
virtually insoluble in plain water
can be used in road surfacing
in chemicals used to make dyes, paints and medicines
neutralises acidic soil and waste gases
disadvantages: damages landscapes reacts with acid rain and is damaged quarrying processes noisy and dusty quarrying destroys habitats transporting it causes more noise and pollution waste materials produce ugly tips
What happens when limestone is thermally decomposed?
limestone mainly calcium carbonate
if it’s heated, it thermally decomposes to make calcium oxide and carbon dioxide
What is produced when Zinc Carbonate is thermally decomposed?
an oxide and carbon dioxide
zinc oxide and carbon dioxide
What are the products when copper carbonate thermally decomposes?
an oxide and carbon dioxide
copper oxide and carbon dioxide
What reacts with water to produce calcium hydroxide?
calcium oxide
What solution is produced when calcium hydroxide dissolves in water
limewater
What happens to atoms during reactions?
nothing, they’re just rearranged
balanced symbol equations show the atoms at the start and end of a reaction and how they’re arranged
atoms aren’t gained or lost, meaning the mass stays the same
What happens to the total mass in a sealed reaction?
the total mass before and after doesn’t change
nothing escapes so the mass at the end will be the same as at the start
no mass gained or lost as no atoms gained or lost
How do you balance an equation?
by putting numbers in front of the formulae where needed, you can’t change them
What are the state symbols?
they are symbols which tell you what state something is in
(s) - solid
(l) - liquid
(g) - gas
(aq) - dissolved in water
