C1.2 Cell Respiration

Question 1

What is ATP?

Answer 1

A nucleotide that has three phosphate groups a nitrogen base (adenine) and a ribose sugar.

Question 2

Exergonic reaction

Answer 2

Reactions that release energy
(ATP–>ADP)

Question 3

Endergonic reaction

Answer 3

Reactions that require energy

Question 4

What cellular processes require ATP?

Answer 4

1. Active transport
2. Synthesis of macromolecules by anabolism
3. Movement of a cell by its cilia or flagella
4. movement of cellular components in cells

Question 5

What does ADP stand for?

Answer 5

Adenosine Diphosphate

Question 6

Is ADP–> ATP and endergonic or exergonic reaction

Answer 6

Endergonic (requires energy)

Question 7

Is ATP hydrolysed to ADP endergonic or exergonic?

Answer 7

Exergonic (gives out energy)

Question 8

Cell respiration

Answer 8

The process where carbon compounds are oxidised to release energy and this energy is used to produce ATP

Question 9

What are the two main carbon compounds used during respiration?

Answer 9

Glucose and Fatty Acids

Question 10

Respiration uses ___ and produces ___

Answer 10

Oxygen, Carbon dioxide

Question 11

What is the interdependence between respiration and gas exchange?

Answer 11

Gas exchange is needed to provide cells with oxygen and get rid of excess (harmful) CO2. The consumption of O2 and production of CO2 creates the conc gradients needed to drive gass exchange.

Question 12

Aerobic Respiration….

Answer 12

Requires Oxygen

Question 13

Anaerobic Respiration….

Answer 13

Occurs in the absence of O2

Question 14

Word equation: Aerobic (in plants and animals)

Answer 14

glucose + oxygen –> carbon dioxide + water

Question 15

Word equation: Anaerobic (animals and some bacteria)

Answer 15

glucose –> pyruvate + 2ATP –> Lactate

Question 16

Word equation: Anaerobic (yeast, other fungi)

Answer 16

glucose –> ethanol + carbon dioxide + 2ATP

Question 17

Four stages of aerobic respiration

Answer 17

1. Glycolysis
2. Link Reaction
3. Krebs Cycle
4. Electron Transport system

Question 18

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 18

Cytoplasm

Question 19

Where does the link reaction occur?

Answer 19

The matrix of mitochondria

Question 20

Where does the krebs cycle occur?

Answer 20

The matrix of mitochondria

Question 21

Where does the electron transport system occur?

Answer 21

On the increased surface area of the folded cristae (in mitochondria)

Question 22

What type of respiration are mitochondria required for?

Answer 22

Aerobic

Question 23

What factors effect rate of cell respiration?

Answer 23

1. Glucose available
2. Oxygen available
3. Enzyme efficiency

Question 24

Respirometer

Answer 24

A device used to measure the rate of respiration of a living organism

Question 25

How do respirometers measure rate of respiration?

Answer 25

By measuring the rate of oxygen consumption.

Question 26

Oxidation

Answer 26

Loss of electrons

Question 27

Reduction

Answer 27

Gain of electrons

Question 28

What does NAD stand for?

Answer 28

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

Question 29

NAD

Answer 29

A coenzyme used by respiration enzymes to carry out oxidation and reduction

Question 30

What happens when H is added to NAD?

Answer 30

It is reduced to NADH

Question 31

What do reduced species have the ability to do?

Answer 31

Reduce other species

Question 32

What happens when H is removed from NADH?

Answer 32

NADH is oxidised to NAD

Question 33

What do NADH molecules carry?

Answer 33

Energy rich electrons

Question 34

Steps of Glycolysis

Answer 34

1. Phosphorylation 2. Lysis 3. Oxidation 4. ATP formation (people love online activities)

Question 35

Phosphorylated

Answer 35

A phosphate group is added

Question 36

What does glycolysis produce?

Answer 36

2 ATP, 2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH (+ H+ ion)

Question 37

Phosphorylation

Answer 37

1st step of glycolysis. A hexose sugar (6C) is phosphorylated by 2 ATP to become hexose bisphosphate - a less stable molecule.

Question 38

Lysis

Answer 38

2nd Step of glycolysis. The hexose bisphosphate is split into two triose phosphates (3C)

Question 39

Oxidation

Answer 39

3rd step of glycolysis. Hydrogen is removed from the triose phosphates via oxidation (NAD is reduced to NADH + H+)

Question 40

ATP Formation

Answer 40

4th step of glycolysis. 4 ATP molecules are produced (2 from each 3C) as the triose phosphates are converted into pyruvate

Question 41

What is produced overall in Glycosis

Answer 41

2 Pyruvate, 2 NADH + H+, 2ATP

Question 42

Decarboxylation

Answer 42

Losing a carbon (usually as CO2)

Question 43

What is the most important part of the krebs cycle

Answer 43

many hydrogens are produced by oxidation reactions

Question 44

Reduced NAD

Answer 44

NADH

Question 45

What is the role of NADH

Answer 45

To carry a pair of electrons to the start of the electron transport train

Question 46

Electron transport chain

Answer 46

A group of proteins embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria that accept and pass on electrons

Question 47

What happens when NADH 'delivers' its pair of electrons

Answer 47

It is oxidised back to NAD

Question 48

Where is the electron transport system located?

Answer 48

The cristae of mitochondria

Question 49

Chemiomiosis

Answer 49

ATP being produced as Hydrogen returns back down the concentration gradient

Question 50

How many molecules of ATP are produced by the electron transport system?

Answer 50

34 molecules

Question 51

What molecule is the final electron acceptor?

Answer 51

Oxygen

Question 52

What happens in anaerobic respiration when there is no Oxygen to accept the electrons?

Answer 52

NADH cannot be oxidised to NAD so the link reaction and krebs cycle will stop, only glycolysis will continue making ATP yield small

Question 53

In humans the reduction of pyruvate leads to the formation of....

Answer 53

Lactate

Question 54

In glycosis____ is oxidised and ___ is reduced

Answer 54

Glucose, NAD