C1.2 Cellular Respiration

Question 1

What is cellular respiration?

Answer 1

Cellular respiration is a system to produce energy in cells

Question 2

What is the cellular respiration formula?

Answer 2

Oxygen+Glucose-carbon Dioxide & Water

6O2+C6H12O6->+6CO2+6H2O

Question 3

What do cells need energy for?

Answer 3

-Synthesis of macromolecules: anabolic rxs, DNA replication
-Active transport: pumping of substances across a membrane
-Movement: muscle contraction

Question 4

What is ATP

Answer 4

ATP is a nucleotide and it is the energy currency in cells

Question 5

What does an ATP nucleotide consist of?

Answer 5

-3 Phosphate groups
-A ribose sugar
-An adenine base

Question 6

What makes ATP an ideal energy currency?

Answer 6

-ATP is soluble in water so it can move freely in the cytoplasm
-ATP is chemically stable with a PH of 7
-ATP cannot pass freely through the phospholipid bilayer, preventing leakage
-ATP is easily regenerated

Question 7

Conversion of ATP-> ADP

Answer 7

A-P-P-P->A-P-P P
-Hydrolysis
-Energy is released

Question 8

Conversion of ADP -> ATP

Answer 8

A-P-P P->A-P-P-P
-Condensation
-Energy is required

Question 9

What is the formula for ATP->ADP

Answer 9

ATP+H2O->ADP+phosphate+energy

Question 10

What is the formula for ADP->ATP

Answer 10

ADP+phosphate+energy->ATP+H20

Question 11

What happens when ATP is hydrolysed into ADP?

Answer 11

When ATP is hydrolysed into ADP, ernergy is released

Question 12

During respiration what happens?

Answer 12

During respiration carbon compound are oxidised in order to release energy in the form of ATP

Question 13

Aerobic respiration….

Answer 13

-Requires ATP
-Happens in the mitochondria
-Substrates are carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids
-Pyruvate->CO2+H2O
-Produces 34 molecules of ATP
-Purpose is for long lasting energy

Question 14

Anaerobic respiration….

Answer 14

-Does not require ATP
-Happens in the cytoplasm
-Substrates are only carbohydrates
-Pyruvate->Lactic acid in a&h
-Pyruvate->Alcohol in yeast and some bacteria
-Produces 2 molecules of ATP
-Purpose is for short burst of energy

Question 15

What is an electron carrier?

Answer 15

An electron carrier is something that gets easily oxidised and reduced

Question 16

What is NAD?

Answer 16

NAD is the electron carrier in respiration

Question 17

What is oxidation?

Answer 17

Oxidation is when a molecule looses an electron (energy)

Question 18

What is reduction?

Answer 18

Reduction is when a molecule gains an electron (energy)

Question 19

What is the equation of reduction?

Answer 19

NAD+2e+2H=Reduced NAD

Question 20

What is REDOX?

Answer 20

REDOX is the process of oxidation and reduction happening simultaneously

Question 21

What is glycolysis?

Answer 21

-Glycolysis is the first step in aerobic respiration
-Glycolysis does not require oxygen
-Glycolysis is the breaking down of a sugar

Question 22

Where does glycolysis occur?

Answer 22

Glycolysis occurs in the cytoplasm

Question 23

What is phosphorilation?

Answer 23

Phosphorylation is the adding of a phosphate group to a molecule in order to destabilise it

Question 24

What is decarboxylation?

Answer 24

Decarboxylation is the removal of a carboxyl group from a molecule as a molecule of carbon dioxide

Question 25

What are the outcomes of glycolysis?

Answer 25

-Net gain of 2ATP -2 reduced NAD -2 molecules of pyruvate

Question 26

Step 1 of glycolysis....

Answer 26

-Phosphorylation -Molecule of glucose gets phosphorylated twice -ATP to ADP

Question 27

Step 2 of glycolysis....

Answer 27

-Lysis -Molecule of glucose gets split -It gets phosphorylated once more not using ATP this time

Question 28

Step 3 of glycolysis....

Answer 28

-Oxidation -Two molecules get oxidised -2 NAD to 2 reduced NAD

Question 29

Step 4 of glycolysis....

Answer 29

-ATP formation -4 ADP to 4 ATP using phosphates -Net gain of 2 ATP

Question 30

How does NAD needed for glycolysis to continue in anaerobic respiration regenerate?

Answer 30

-Pyruvate to Lactate and 2 reduced NAD to 2 NAD

Question 31

What are the products humans produce during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 31

-Lactate -2 ATP

Question 32

What are the products humans produce during aerobic respiration?

Answer 32

-CO2 -H2O -34 molecules of ATP

Question 33

What are the products yeast produces during anaerobic respiration?

Answer 33

-CO2 -Ethanol

Question 34

Where does the link rxn take place?

Answer 34

The link rxn takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 35

What does the link rxn do?

Answer 35

The link rxn turns the 3 carbon molecules of Pyruvate into a 2 carbon molecule acetyl coA

Question 36

What is the first step in the link rxn?

Answer 36

The pyruvate molecule gets decarboxylated making it a 2 carbon molecule

Question 37

What is the second step in the link rxn?

Answer 37

REDOX, pyruvate gets oxidised and NAD becomes reduced

Question 38

What is the third step in the link rxn?

Answer 38

CoA gets attached

Question 39

Draw the link rxn....

Answer 39

....

Question 40

Where does the Krebs cycle take place?

Answer 40

The Krebs cycle takes place in the matrix of the mitochondria

Question 41

What does the Krebs cycle do?

Answer 41

The Krebs cycle oxidises and decarboxylates the acetyl coA

Question 42

What are the outcomes of the Krebs cycle?

Answer 42

-Reduced NAD -Reduced FAD -ATP

Question 43

What is the first step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 43

C4 attaches to acetyl coA

Question 44

What is the second step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 44

-Enzyme coA gets removed

Question 45

What is the third step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 45

-C6 gets decarboxylated -REDOX, NAD picks up electrons & becomes reduced NAD

Question 46

What is the fourth step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 46

-C5 gets decarboxylated -REDOX, NAD picks up electrons and becomes reduced NAD

Question 47

What is the fifth step in the Krebs cycle?

Answer 47

- residual electrons allow for further REDOX -NAD to reduced NAD -FAD to reduced FAD -ADP to ATP

Question 48

Where does the ETC take place?

Answer 48

The ETC takes place in the intermembrane of the mitochondria

Question 49

What does the ETC do?

Answer 49

The ETC generates ATP

Question 50

What is embedded in the inner membrane of the mitochondria?

Answer 50

Electron carriers, proteins that are easily reduced and oxidised

Question 51

Explain the role of the ETC....

Answer 51

-The ETC regenerates ATP -The ETC receives electrons from oxidation rxs -The ETC receives electrons from reduced NAD and reduced FAD -Energy released as electrons gets passed on from carrier to carrier -Protons get pumped into the intermembrane space, creating a high concentration of protons -Protons pass through ATP synthase back into the matrix -Flow of protons allow for ATP generation

Question 52

What is the first step in the ETC?

Answer 52

-Reduced NAD delivers electrons to the first protein -Reduced NAD becomes oxidised, releasing energy -Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

Question 53

What is the second step in the ETC?

Answer 53

-Electron carrier apsses electrons to next protein, simultaneously picking up electrons from reduced FAD -Reduced FAD gets oxidised releasing energy -Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

Question 54

What is the third step in the ETC?

Answer 54

-Electron carrier passes electrons to the next protein simultaneously picking up electrons from reduced NAD -Reduced NAD gets oxidised, releasing energy -Energy is used to pump protons across the membrane from the matrix into the intermembrane space

Question 55

What is the fourth step in the ETC?

Answer 55

Chemiosmosis, protons move from high concentration to low concentration through ATP synthase converting ADP into ATP

Question 56

What is the fifth step in the ETC?

Answer 56

Electrons on the last protein get picked up by O2 as well as protons on the matrix making H2O

Question 57

What is the difference between lipids and carbs?

Answer 57

Lipids release more energy than carbs