c1.2 cellular respiration Flashcards
(19 cards)
What is cellular respiration?
Cellular respiration is the controlled release of energy from organic compounds to produce ATP (adenosine triphosphate). It is carried out using enzymes.
The process using glucose is C6H12O6 + 6O2 –> 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy (ATP).
How does cellular respiration work?
Cellular respiration is carried out using enzymes. Organic compounds are broken down to release energy to be used in the cell. The energy produced is in the form of ATP.
To make ATP, a phosphate group is linked to ADP which releases energy.
What is an example of cellular respiration in animals?
In animals, the organic compounds are from the food we eat in the form of carbohydrates. Energy is released in muscle fibres by breaking down glucose into carbon dioxide and water, which is then used for muscle contractions.
What is ATP?
ATP is a nucleotide that serves as the main energy currency of cells. It’s composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and three phosphate groups.
What is ADP?
ADP is a low energy nucleotide molecule composed of a ribose sugar, an adenine base, and two phosphate groups. It plays a role in various biological processes, including muscle contraction and DNA synthesis.
Why must there always be a constant supply of energy being produced?
Energy is not transferred from cell to cell. While cellular respiration is essential for energy production within individual cells, it doesn’t directly involve the transfer of energy between cells.
How does energy transfer during interconversions through the ATP-ADP cycle?
Energy is released by hydrolysis of ATP to ADP and phosphate. Energy is required to synthesize ATP from ADP and phosphate using cellular respiration.
What are the three main life processes that require ATP?
- Synthesizing large molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins (Anabolic reactions).
- Pumping molecules or ions across membranes by active transport.
- Moving things around inside the cell, such as chromosomes and vesicles.
What are similarities of the two types of respiration?
Both use glucose as the main reactant, with the primary purpose of creating ATP as the main product.
What is anaerobic respiration?
Anaerobic respiration is a catabolic process which leads to the partial degradation of sugars in the absence of oxygen, also known as fermentation in plants and yeast.
The basic equations are:
C6H12O6 -> 6CO2 + ethanol + 2ATP
C6H12O6 -> lactic acid + 2ATP
Only a small amount of ATP can be formed per reaction (e.g., 2).
What is aerobic respiration?
Aerobic respiration occurs in the presence of oxygen and produces large amounts of ATP (approximately 36 ATP per glucose molecule).
The basic equation is:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H2O + approx 36ATP
What is the process of respiration?
Glucose goes through glycolysis, which occurs in the cytoplasm and splits 6 carbon atoms into two groups of 3 carbons. It then goes through the pyruvate which converts into either a form for fermentation or the Krebs cycle, depending on whether oxygen is present.
How does anaerobic respiration work?
During intense muscular use, anaerobic respiration can quickly supply ATP to muscles but only for a short period of time. Lactate builds up in the muscles which must be broken down.
How does aerobic respiration work?
Aerobic respiration is a more efficient and widespread catabolic process which uses oxygen as a reactant to completely break down a variety of organic molecules, producing a very large yield of ATP.
What is an example of anaerobic respiration in food production?
Fermentation is the process of transforming carbohydrates into alcohol and carbon dioxide or organic acids through yeast, bacteria, or a combination of the two.
Yeast is usually added to bread to make bubbles of gas (CO2).
What are the ways to measure respiration?
Respiration can be measured by the rate that one of the substrates is used up or the rate at which the products are created. It’s easiest to measure the rate that oxygen is consumed or carbon dioxide is produced.
What is a respirometer?
A respirometer is any device that is used to measure respiration rate. Most respirometers contain a sealed container, an alkali to absorb carbon dioxide, and a capillary tube containing fluid.
How does this respirometer work?
Seeds get oxygen from air around it, pulling liquid towards it. Pellets absorb CO2 so we can see the effect of the oxygen.
What variables can affect the rate of cellular respiration?
Key factors include temperature, oxygen availability, glucose concentration, and the metabolic activity of the cell. Other factors like pH, carbon dioxide levels, and water content also play a role.
