C12- Communicable disease Flashcards

Question

Key non specific defences animals 5

Answer 1

Tears - Contain lysozymes which break down bacteria and fungal cell walls Skin – prevents entry and has good bacteria which out-compete pathogens Mucous membranes traps microbes and contains lysozymes and phagocytes Saliva contains enzymes and antimicrobial chemicals Stomach acid– Low pH kills pathogens

Answer 2

Damage to blood vessel exposes collagen, activating platelets Platelets bind to the exposed collagen releasing clotting factors and forming tendrils, form a platelet plug Fibrin is formed from fibrinogen an insoluble protein, made of mesh fibres, which then attach to the platelet plug RBCs and other platelets become trapped in the mesh forming a clot

Answer 3

Fibrinogen is insoluble Fibrin is insoluble meaning it can form the mesh of fibres needed to form a blood clot

Answer 4

To induce vasoconstriction to limit blood flow to area of rupture

Answer 5

Caused by affected cells producing: Histamines and cytokines Inflammation results in heat, pain, swelling, loss of function and redness

Answer 6

Causes blood vessels to dilate so increases blood supply This will increase the temperature and thus make the conditions unfavourable for pathogens Causes the vessels to become more permeable. This will cause plasma to leak and a build up of tissue fluid (swelling / oedema)

Answer 7

Mast cells

Answer 8

Small proteins released by cells – cell signalling They message the rest of the body to indicate infection Signal phagocytes to visit site Also message the hypothalamus (controls homeostasis) which causes fever. Microorganisms don’t like it too hot also the specific immune system works more efficiently at higher temperatures

Answer 9

initiated by cell signalling: Cytokines message the phagocytes Opsonins are attached to the invading pathogen to indicate its presence to the phagocyte Opsonins are (generally) antibodies that 'mark’ a cell (pathogens or self cells) for destruction

Answer 10

Opsonins are attached to the invading pathogen to indicate its presence to the phagocyte Opsonins are (generally) antibodies that 'mark’ a cell (pathogens or self cells) for destruction placed by mast cells

Answer 11

Pathogens produce chemicals that attract phagocytes Phagocytes detect opsonins and antigens- thus identifies the cell as non self and binds to it Phagocyte engulf the pathogen to form the phagosome meanwhile the lyosome moves towards the phagosome fuse to form phagolyosome- digestive enzymes then begin to break down the pathogen The digested pathogen is then absorbed by the phagocyte

Answer 12

Neutrophils and macrophages

Answer 13

On macrophages only the cell becomes an antigen presenting cell (APC) MHC antigen complex is displayed on the membrane

Answer 14

A set of genes that code for proteins found on the surface of cells Primarily involved in antigen presentation to T cells, a key process in the immune system

Answer 15

Specialised vesicle that carries digestive enzymes

Answer 16

Lobed nucleus- to allow it to move to sites of infection through tissue Granulated- due to increased number of lyosomes for phagocytosis

Answer 17

Natural selection

Answer 18

glycoprotein

Answer 19

Two identical long polypeptide chains called heavy chains 2 shorter identical chains called the light chain Chains joined by disulphide bridges Y shape Binding site= variable region Rest of molecule (non binding)= constant region

Answer 20

Antigen- antibody complex

Answer 21

Provides flexibility Antibody can then bind to two separate antigens

Answer 22

As an opsonin to trigger phagocytosis Physically stop invasion of pathogen to host cells Act as agglutinins Act as antitoxins

Answer 23

Cause pathogens to clump together Reduces spreading of pathogens Allows phagocytes to engulf multiple pathogens at a time

Answer 24

Bind to the toxins produced Makes them harmless

Answer 25

T- Thymus B- Bone marrow

Answer 26

Live for a long time after infection If they meet the pathogen again they divide my mitosis rapidly to produce lots of T killer cells

Answer 27

Have receptors that bind to APCs Produce interleukins (cytokines) Stimulates activity of B cells and attracts macrophages

Answer 28

Destroy pathogens by producing perforin Perforin punctures hole in the the pathogens cell membranes

Answer 29

B effector cells divide to produce plasma cells Plasma cells produce antibodies that are specific to the antigen

Answer 30

Remain for a long time after the primary infection Can rapidly produce antibodies if re-infected

Answer 31

The cells of an organism that have been changed in some way by antigen processing or by mutation

Answer 32

Pathogen is engulfed and phagocyte becomes an APC Receptor on T helper cells fit on the antigen T helper cells become activated and produce interleukins to stimulate T cells to divide y mitosis Produces clones of T cells

Answer 33

Develop into T memory cells Develop in to T killer cells Stimulate production of interleukins to stimulate production of B cells and stimulate phagocytosis

Answer 34

Response to antigens found detached form non self cells 'skid marks' Also respond to toxins

Answer 35

One of the 10 million b cells in the body will bind to the antigen The b cell will have complimentary antibodies to the antigen

Answer 36

Humeral immunity

Answer 37

Antigens detach form pathogen Antigen binds to specific antibody which triggers a B cell to engulf the antigen and become an APC T helper cell binds and selects specific B cells for cloning (clonal selection) Produce interleukins which message other B cells B cell divides by mitosis/ clonal expansion to produce plasma cells and B memory cells

Answer 38

Primary immune response is slower Primary immune response involves the production of plasma cells and antibodies Secondary immune response is sped up by the involvement of memory cells

Answer 39

Your specific immune system's response. Your B memory cells make antibodies after being stimulated by antigens that have entered the body

Answer 40

Antibodies are made by another organism

Answer 41

Active= B and T memory cells Passive- Colostrum from mother (first milk)

Answer 42

Active= vaccinations Passive- introduction of antibodies from another organism, or antivenoms

Answer 43

when the body's own immune system stops recognising self cells and attacks healthy body tissue

Answer 44

A vaccine is a suspension of antigens that are intentionally put into the body to induce artificial active immunity A specific immune response where antibodies are released by plasma cells

Answer 45

they cause memory cells to be created. The immune system remembers the antigen when reencountered and produces antibodies to it, in what is a faster, stronger secondary response

Answer 46

Highly effective with one vaccination giving a lifetime’s protection (although less effective ones will require booster / subsequent injections) Generally harmless as they do not cause the disease they protect against because the pathogen is killed by the primary immune response

Answer 47

Ethical concerns- religions may be against them potential bad responses- e.g. defective immune system as a result of malnourishment

Answer 48

It arises when a sufficiently large proportion of the population has been vaccinated (and are therefore immune) which makes it difficult for a pathogen to spread within that population Those who are not immunised are protected and unlikely to contract it as the levels of the disease are so low

Answer 49

People living or working near a vulnerable (or infected) person are vaccinated in order to prevent them from catching and transmitting the disease The vaccinated individuals do not spread the pathogen onto others so those vulnerable individuals "within the ring" are protected as the people they interact with will not have the disease

Answer 50

Live attenuated vaccines contain whole pathogens (e.g. bacteria and viruses) that have been ‘weakened’

Answer 51

Pandemic- global disease out break e.g. flu or covid Epidemic- local/ regional disease outbreak

Answer 52

Physical active

Answer 53

Callose- polysaccharide is deposited in the cells walls and plasmodesmata of the phloem tissue, acting as barriers This prevents spread of the infection Tallose- Causes swelling of a cell through the non lignified pits in xylem Physically blocks the flow of water, stopping the spread of pathogens

Answer 54

Lignin- waterproof and indigestible Tree bark Thorns Stomatal closure

Answer 55

Productions of bitter and indigestible tannins Chitinases- enzyme that breaks down chitin

C12- Communicable disease Flashcards

(79 cards)