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Chemistry C1 > C1.4-C1.7 > Flashcards

C1.4-C1.7 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a hydrocarbon?

A

A chemical that contains only carbon and hydrogen.

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2
Q

What is crude oil?

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons with different chain lengths.

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3
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Formed from the remains of animals and plants in the sea that were buried under sand and rocks. Over millions of years, the heat and pressure, in the absence of air and oxygen, convert the animals and plants to oil. Reservoir rock (porous) traps the oil here. Gas is also produced.

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4
Q

What is the smallest alkane?

A

Methane

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5
Q

How many bonds does carbon and hydrogen have in an alkane?

A

Carbon-4 bonds

Hyrogen-1 bond

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6
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using fossil fuels to create energy?

A

Advantages:
Easy available- found all over the world, technology already built and running
Produce lots of energy
Stable- low chances of accidents (v something like nuclear)
Easily transported and stored
Low cost

Disadvantages:
 Greenhouse gases produced during combustion-contributes to greenhouse effect-global warming
Non-renewable
Prices rising- due to diminishing stores
Pollution- bad impact on all life
-Oil spills- bad impact on aquatic life
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7
Q

What are the advantages and disadvantages of using bio fuels to create energy?

A 
Advantages:
 Easily sourced
Renewable
Sustainable
Relatively carbon neutral

Disadvantages:
Currently expensive to produce
Potential for food shortages/price of food to increase- land being used to grow raw materials for biofuels instead of food
-ethical? -fuel over food?
Potential for water shortages- uses lots of water to grow so many crops

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8
Q

What is a biofuel?

A

A fuel that comes from a biological source (anything that is living)

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9
Q

What are 2 examples of biofuels?

A

Bio-diesel, Bio-ethanol

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10
Q

How are biofuels relatively carbon neutral?

A

The plants used to make biofuels absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere as they grow
When they are burnt as fuels, they release this carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere as a product of combustion
-would be carbon neutral BUT carbon dioxide is released into the atmosphere during the production of machinery used to make the biofuels

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11
Q

Are most hydrocarbons in crude oil alkanes or alkenes?

A

Alkanes

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12
Q

What is the general formula for knowing the number of carbon atoms and hydrogen atoms in an alkane?

A

H=2C+2

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13
Q

Are alkanes single or double bonded?

Does this mean that they are saturated or unsaturated?

A

Single

Saturated

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14
Q

Are alkenes single or double bonded?

Does this mean that they are saturated or unsaturated?

A

Double

Unsaturated

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15
Q

What are the first 5 alkanes?

A 
Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentate
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16
Q

What is a renewable resource?

A

A resource that is finite, and is being used up faster than it can be made. This means that eventually there will be no more of this resource left.

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17
Q

What is the relationship between the size of a molecule and its boiling point?

Why is this?

A

Smaller molecules- Lower boiling points
Larger molecules- Higher boiling points

The larger a molecule, the more intermolecular forces exist. The larger the amount of intermolecular forces, the more energy is needed to overcome them.

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18
Q

What 3 characteristics of hydrocarbons do we care about?

A

Boiling & condensing point
Viscosity (lower=less viscous)
Volatility-how easily something evaporates

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19
Q

Why are longer molecules less viscous and harder to pour?

A

The longer molecules get tangled more easily. (Analogy of hair/headphones)

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20
Q

When you increase the chain length of a hydrocarbon, what happens to the volatility?

Why?

A

Decreases

The longer the hydrocarbon, the harder it is for molecules to randomly evaporate.

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21
Q

What is the process of fractional distillation to separate the different sized hydrocarbons from crude oil?

A

A tall column is placed over the crude oil, with several condensers at different heights.
The crude oil is heated highly at the bottom of column, is cool by the top
Longer hydrocarbons condense nearer the bottom, and are siphoned off into their different containers
Smaller hydrocarbons with lower boiling points condense higher up, the shorter they are

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22
Q

What different fuels are extracted from crude oil?

A 
Bitumen
Oil
Diesel
Kerosine
Naptha
Petrol
Refinery gas
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23
Q

What is produced from the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Carbon dioxide

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24
Q

What is produced from the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?

A

Carbon monoxide

+ particulates

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25
What is the word equation of the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
Hydrocarbon+oxygen--water+carbon dioxide
26
What is the word equation of the incomplete combustion of a hydrocarbon fuel?
Hydrocarbon+(less) oxygen--water+carbon monoxide+carbon (particulates)
27
What is test for carbon dioxide?
Lime water going cloudy
28
What is the cause of acid rain?
Sulfur dioxide
29
What is acid rain?
Rainfall made acidic due to atmospheric pollution that causes harm to the environment, buildings and animals
30
How does acid rain occur?
Most hydrocarbon fuels naturally have sulfur compounds Combustion- oxidizes to make sulfur dioxide Dissolves in water to create an acidic solution Cause of acid rain
31
What are some of the dangers of acid rain?
Causes lakes to absorb aluminium that passes through them- Makes the water toxic to aquatic creatures Releases aluminium into the soil-Makes it hard to take up water Erodes buildings, peels paint, makes statues look worn
32
What is meant by complete combustion?
When all the carbon atoms in the reaction are consumed (paired with another atom)
33
What is meant by incomplete combustion?
When not all the carbon atoms in the reaction are not consumed (paired with another atom)
34
How are harmful waste gases from chimney's turned into a useful product?
Treated with powdered limestone Sulfur dioxide+powdered limestone--calcium sulfate Calcium sulfate used to make plasterboard for interior walls of buildings
35
How is carbon monoxide harmful to us?
Binds to haemoglobin | Reduces the capacity for blood to carry oxygen- starves body of oxygen
36
What are the effects of combustion on the environment?
``` Releases green house gases Contributes to green house effect Global warming Rise in sea levels Loss of habitat for many animals Disturbed weather patterns Flooding Air pollution causes respiratory diseases ```
37
What is the carbon cycle?
Atmospheric carbon dioxide Growing plants and algae use carbon dioxide in photosynthesis for food Burning plant material releases carbon dioxide back into the atmosphere
38
What is cracking?
The process where long hydrocarbons are broken up into smaller ones by breaking a carbon-carbon bond
39
What are the benefits of cracking?
Large hydrocarbons are inefficient, hard to ignite and don't flow easily Smaller hydrocarbons are more useful and are in higher demand
40
What is the process of cracking?
Fractions containing hydrocarbons vaporized passed over a hot catalyst breaks chemical bonds in molecule
41
What kind of chemical reaction is cracking?
A thermal decomposition reaction
42
What is the test for unsaturated molecules?
Bromine water | Orange--colourless
43
What is a saturated molecule?
A molecule with only single bonds
44
What is an unsaturated molecule?
A molecule with one or more double bonds
45
Are alkanes saturated or unsaturated? Do they have double bonds, or single?
Saturated Single
46
Are alkenes saturated or unsaturated? Do they have double bonds, or single?
Unsaturated Double
47
What are the first 5 alkenes?
``` Methene Ethene Propene Butene Pentene ```
48
What is the formula for the number of hydrogen atoms and carbon atoms in an alkene?
H=2C
49
What are the uses for alkenes?
``` Used to make polymers Used to make ethanol Can be used as fuel Paraffin wax Cooking ```
50
What is a monomer?
One molecule on its own
51
What's a polymer?
Lots of monomers joined in a chain | paperclip analogy
52
What's polymerization?
The process of chemically reacting monomers together to form a polymer chains or 3D networks
53
Where do polymers get their properties from?
Their structure
54
What are different examples of polymers and their uses?
PTFE- Goretex (sweat can get through tiny holes in fabric but water can't) PVC-Plastic windows, gutters LDPE-Shopping bags HDPE-Garden furniture
55
What does LDPE stand for?
Low density polyethene
56
What does HDPE stand for?
High density polyethene
57
Changes in what conditions resulted in the different properties of LDPE and HDPE?
Temperature Pressure Catalyst
58
What are the properties of LDPE? Why?
Less dense than HDPE Flexible Has 'branches' coming off of each strand- can't get close to each other
59
What are the properties of HDPE? Why?
More dense than LDPE Strong Rigid Has no branches- can be tightly packed in
60
Do polymers break down?
No
61
What are the three ways to dispose of polymers?
Landfill Incineration Recycling
62
What are the problems with using landfills to dispose of polymers?
Produces unstable land- sinkholes Eye sore Ruins the environment in that place
63
What are the problems with using incineration to dispose of polymers?
Burning plastic release toxic fumes | Bad for the environment
64
What are the problems with using recycling to dispose of polymers?
Expensive | Not always the most efficient method
65
What kind of molecules are the alcohols?
Organic
66
What is an organic molecule?
A molecule made up of Oxygen Carbon Hydrogen
67
What are the first 5 alcohols?
``` Methanol Ethanol Propanol Butanol Pentanol ```
68
What are the two ways of producing ethanol?
Fermentation | Hydration
69
What is the process of fermentation? Is it renewable?
Glucose+yeast (warm 20-30)-- Ethanol+Water+Carbon dioxide
70
What is the process of hydration? Is it renewable?
Ethene+steam(300)+phosphoric acid(catalyst)--Ethanol No- it uses ethene which is produced from crude oil
71
What are the properties of fermentation and hydration?
``` Fermentation: Renewable Batch process Slow Impure product Relatively carbon neutral ``` ``` Hydration: Non-renewable Continuous Fast Pure product Uses catalyst ```
72
What is the catalyst used in hydration?
Phosphoric acid
73
What industry is fermentation used to produce ethanol for?
Drinks
74
What industry is hydration used to produce ethanol for?
Industrial fuel | Antibacterial products
75
Which is better, batch production or continuous production?
Continuous production
76
Is vegetable oil high in saturated or unsaturated fats?
Unsaturated
77
Is butter high in saturated or unsaturated fats?
Saturated
78
What does immiscible mean?
Won't mix with each other
79
Are water and oil immiscible?
Yes
80
What's an emulsifier?
Food additives with a hydrophobic end and a hydrophilic end, that binds immiscible things together to form an emulsion
81
How do emulsifiers work?
Emulsifiers have two ends, a hydrophilic head and a hydrophobic tail. The hydrophilic end binds to water The hydrophobic end binds to oil.
82
What is a common emulsifier?
Washing up liquid
83
What is a common emulsion?
Mayonaise
84
What is hydrogenation?
Turning unsaturated hydrocarbons into saturated hydrocarbons
85
What is the word formula of hydrogenation for ethene?
Ethene+Hydrogen+(Nickel catalyst + 60)--Ethane
86
How are vegetable oils extracted?
Plant material is crushed and pressed to squeeze the oil out If this is too difficult (sunflower oil), the plant material is dissolved in a solvent Oil dissolved, solvent removed by distillation, impurities removed
87
What are the uses of vegetable oil?
Fuel- biodiesel Cooking Food
88
What are molecules of vegetable oil made of?
Glycerol + fatty acids | 3 carbon atoms connecting to long chains of fatty acids
89
What is an example of a saturated oils/fats?
Lard
90
What is an example of an unsaturated oil?
Sunflower oil
91
What are monounsaturated fats?
Fats with 1 double bond in each fatty acid
92
What are polyunsaturated fats?
Fats that have many double bonds

Chemistry C1 (2 decks)

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