C1.4 Crude Oil And Fuels

Question 1

What is crude oil?

Answer 1

A fossil fuel that comes from the earths crust and is one of the most important substances in the world.
It’s s mixture of hundreds of compounds. Including alkanes

Question 2

What can we use crude oil for?

Answer 2

Transport
Heating
Generating electricity
Making plastics

Question 3

What are alkanes?

Answer 3

Made up of single chain carbon atoms with hydrogen atoms bonded to them. Eg.

      H
       |
  H-C-H
       |
       H

Question 4

What’s the formula for alkanes?

Answer 4

C(n) H(2n+2)

Question 5

Are single carbon bonds (alkanes) saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 5

Saturated

Single = Saturdated
Sssssssss

Question 6

Are double carbon bonds saturated or unsaturated?

Answer 6

Unsaturated

Question 7

Names the first 10 alkanes.

Answer 7

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Butane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane
Octane
Nonane
Decane

Question 8

Define volatility.

Answer 8

How easy something changes like evaporation to condensation

Question 9

Define viscosity

Answer 9

How runny or thick a substance is

Question 10

Boiling point, volatility, flammability, viscosity and colour. State whether short or long chains have the highest one of these.

Answer 10

Short chain molecules:
More volatile
Mor flammable
Light in colour

Long chain molecules:
Higher boiling point
More viscous
Dark in colour

Question 11

Name a substance that would be at the top and bottom of the fractioning column.

Answer 11

Top - petrol

Bottom - bitumen

Question 12

Are small molecules at the top or bottom of the fractioning column?

Answer 12

Top

Question 13

Are longer chains at the top or bottom of the fractioning column?

Answer 13

Bottom

Question 14

Describe and explain how the fractions are separated in a fractioning column. (6)

Answer 14

Crude oil is a mixture and the oiled heated. Then you vaporise the crude oil which makes it a vapour, it then enters the fractioning column and is gradually heated and very slowly the temperature rises. The hydrocarbons which are small chain molecules have a low boiling point and rise to the top where it then leaves the tube and forms a very pale colour. The long chain molecules have a high boiling point so stay at the bottom of the column. The substances all separate into different fractions and then you can collect the different substances.

Question 15

When does complete combustion happen?

Answer 15

When there’s enough oxygen

Question 16

What’s the equation for complete combustion?

Answer 16

CH4 + 2O2 -> CO2 + 2H2O
(Doesn’t have to be methane)

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon dioxide + water

Question 17

What’s oxidisation?

Answer 17

When you add oxygen to a chemical reaction and oxides are formed.

Question 18

What tests for the presence of water?

Answer 18

Blue cobalt paper

It turns pink of there is water

Question 19

When does incomplete combustion happen?

Answer 19

When there’s not enough oxygen

Question 20

What’s the equation for incomplete combustion?

Answer 20

Hydrocarbon + oxygen -> carbon monoxide + carbon + water

Question 21

What’s bad about carbon dioxide?

Answer 21

It’s a greenhouse gas which means it causes global warming by trapping heat from the sun within the earths atmosphere.

Question 22

What’s carbon monoxide?

Answer 22

And odourless, tasteless, poisonous gas. It’s very deadly of you are with it in an enclosed space.
Therefore if it’s produced its harmful to organisms

Question 23

What does carbon from incomplete combustion do?

Answer 23

Aka particulates. It contributes to global dimming and damages our cells contributing to cancer.

Question 24

Why is sulphur dioxide bad if produced?

Answer 24

Reacts with water causing acid rain

Question 25

C9H20 + 14O2 -> ???

Answer 25

9CO2 + 10H2O

Question 26

How do we reduce the amount of particulates produced?

Answer 26

Use filters

Question 27

What are catalytic converters?

Answer 27

Get rid of nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide. Made up of platinum, rhodium and palladium. Nitrogen oxide molecules turn into nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon monoxide reacts with oxygen and makes carbon dioxide and water. Only works at high temps. Very large surface area.

Question 28

How would you get rid of sulphur?

Answer 28

Desulphurisation The gas passes through CaO or CaCO3 which reacts with sulphur dioxide and produces gypsum which is used in plasterboards (harmless)

Question 29

What's a biofuel?

Answer 29

Fuels made up of animal or plant products

Question 30

What's biodiesel?

Answer 30

A fuel from plant oils

Question 31

What's biogas?

Answer 31

A fuel made from animal waste

Question 32

What's ethanol?

Answer 32

A biofuel made by fermenting sugar from sugar cane or sugar beet

Question 33

What does carbon neutral mean?

Answer 33

When plants grow they remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. This is photosynthesis. When we burn these plants, the co2 is returned. There is no change in the amount of carbon dioxide in our atmosphere.

Question 34

What are some advantages of biodiesel?

Answer 34

Breaks down quickly Not that harmful if spilt Renewable Carbon neutral Waste products are useful A Diesel engine doesn't need to be modified in order to run off biodiesel Produces less sulphur dioxide than regular diesel

Question 35

What are some disadvantages of biodiesel?

Answer 35

Uses large areas of land to grow the crops - food prices increase - destroys habitats Can become sticky at high temps Can freeze at low temps Harvesting, processing the oil and transporting it all uses energy which releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere

Question 36

What are the advantages of using hydrogen as a fuel?

Answer 36

Produces a lot of energy Very clean - water is the only product We can obtain hydrogen from water by electrolysis

Question 37

What are disadvantages of using hydrogen as a fuel?

Answer 37

Electrolysis requires energy and is expensive | It's a gas which isn't very practical or safe in a car

Question 38

Other than sulphur dioxide, what else causes acid rain?

Answer 38

Nitrogen oxide

Question 39

What are particulates?

Answer 39

Tiny solid particles containing carbon and unburnt hydrocarbons