C14 pt 2 Flashcards
(37 cards)
Malignant oral tumours
- common or rare in LA? aggressive?
Malignant oral tumours are rare in large animals and usually not very aggressive when they do occur
Clinical signs of oral tumours
- Clinical signs of oral tumours are similar regardless of tumour type
o Ptyalism, pain, halitosis, dysphagia, anorexia, loose teeth, bleeding, etc
Malignant oral tumours
- speed of progression, prognosis
- Malignant tumours progress rapidly with a poor prognosis unless resected early
oral Mast cell tumours
- are they worse if affecting mucosa or dermal
- Mast cell tumours affecting mucosa are more malignant than dermal ones
oral Melanoma
- how common in dogs?
- how commmon in other species
- what have most done by Dx
- how aggressive
- pigmentation?
- progression?
o Most common oral tumour in dogs (40 % of oral tumours), rare in other species
o Malignant and highly aggressive, most have metastasized by diagnosis
o Variable pigmentation, many at least partly amelanotic
o Necrosis, ulceration, rapid growth, bone invasion
oral melanoma in dogs
- what % metastasize
- prognosis
- how to Dx
- breed disposition, age
o 70% metastasize to regional lymph nodes, often also metastasize to lung
o Median survival WITH TREATMENT 3 months (NOT LIKE CUTANEOUS)
o Often need immunohistochemistry to diagnose
o Small, dark coloured breeds predisposed, usually elderly (11-12 years)
- Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
- most common oral tumour in what species
- 2nd most common in what species?
- resembles what
- metastatic?
- prognosis?
- appearance
o Most common oral tumour in cats
o 2nd in dogs, especially tonsils (increased metastatic risk)
o Resembles gingivitis in early stage but usually advanced by presentation
o Locally invasive, metastasis possible but uncommon
o Poor prognosis due to invasiveness, especially with large masses
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Irregular, nodular, red-grey, friable, often ulcerated and bleed easily
oral Fibrosarcoma
- how common in cats? dogs?
- dog signalment
- histo, growth
- recurrence
- metastatic?
- appearance
o Second most common oral tumour in cats (much less common than SCC)
o Third most common in dogs, 15-25 % of oral tumours
o More common in younger dogs, larger breeds predisposed
o Bland histology but aggressive growth, invasion (“hi-lo”)
o Commonly recur following removal
o 20-35 % metastasize to lymph nodes, 10-20% in lung at diagnosis
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Fleshy grey mass, fixed to underlying bone, may ulcerate
dental tumors
- common?
- malignant?
- removal?
- Most dental tumours are rare, all are non-malignant
o Tend to destroy teeth and bone and can be difficult to remove
Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin
- dogs or cats?
- signalment
- what is epulis?
- appearance
- attachment
- prognosis
Fibromatous epulis of periodontal ligament origin: dogs > cats, brachycephalics
o Epulis: generic term for tumour-like masses on the gingiva
o Gross appearance identical to gingival hyperplasia
o Firm, grey-pink, project from between or near teeth, lobulated surface
o Attached to the periosteum, may physically displace teeth but no invasion
o Good prognosis with removal, so distinction from hyperplasia not relevant
esophageal diverticula
- etiology
- true vs pseudo
Diverticula: usually acquired, incidental or can impact with feed and rupture
o True diverticulum: all layers of wall involved
o Pseudodiverticulum: mucosa evaginates through defect in muscle layer
Vitamin A deficiency and anorexia (lack of abrasion) can lead to what in esophagus?
hyperkeratosis
bloat line in esophagus is a sign of:
increased abdominal pressure
‘Red = head’
esophageal ulceration _____ with viral diseases
common
Liquefactive necrosis due to ____; coagulative necrosis due to ____
alkalis
acids
Reflux esophagitis
- what is it?
- species?
- sequelae
- predisposing condition
Reflux esophagitis: loss of sphincter integrity, mostly non-ruminants
o Squamous epithelium is not acid-resistant
o Chronic acid exposure leads to columnar and/or mucous
metaplasia (like stomach)
o Hiatal hernia can predispose (usually intussusception of
stomach into esophagus or esophagus into itself)
Esophagus: Obstruction
- intrinsic vs extrinsic
- what is ‘choke’
- locations
- 2 populations?
- sequelae
- Intrinsic (within lumen) or extrinsic (space-occupying)
- Choke: feed impaction, areas of narrowing or change in direction predisposed
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1. Over the pharynx
2. Thoracic inlet
3. Heart base
4. Diaphragm
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Oral to obstruction: dilation
o May be food-filled, ulcerated
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Can cause pressure necrosis
o May lead to perforation or diverticula
o If impaction is removed, can lead to scarring and stricture
Esophagus: Obstruction
- result of perforation
- If esophagus perforates, severe cellulitis results
o Can track along fascia into the pleural space
Esophagus: Obstruction
- Extrinsic usually due to what in carnivores?
Extrinsic usually due to vascular ring anomalies in carnivores
o Persistent right aortic arch
Megaesophagus
- cause
- result
- Due to muscular dysfunction, leads to food impaction and regurgitation
Congenital idiopathic megaesophagus
- what species?
- progression over time?
- vs adult onset?
o In dogs, can improve with age
o Also seen in cats, foals, calves (acquired more common)
- Adult-onset idiopathic megaesophagus can also occur in dogs
- Possible sequelae?
Ruminant forestomachs
- after death, how fast does epithelium slough
- if remains attached, suspect what?
- Epithelium sloughs within hours of death
o If it remains attached, there may be adhesions (rumenitis) – suspect acidosis
rumen contents PM
- appearance for vagus indigestion
- toxins?
- pH after death?
- Always examine rumen contents – hydration, froth, odour (ammonia, acidosis), pH
o Contents are abundant and watery in vagus indigestion
o Look for toxic plant material in suspected toxicity
o pH can increase after death (interpret with caution, normal 5.5-7.5 depending on diet)
Rumen papilla development is dependent on what?
- and how?
- Rumen papilla development is dependent on diet
o High concentrates: blunted, hyperkeratotic, clumped papillae
o High forages: longer papillae
