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Flashcards in C15 - joints Deck (24)
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1
Q

what are the different catagories that joints can be put into

A

immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them

Movable joints such as
Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle

Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees

Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane

2
Q

what is a gliding joint

A

Gliding joints - allow bones to glide over each other to give movement in many directions e.g. between the vertebrae at the ankle

3
Q

what is a hinge joint

A

Hinge joints - allow movement in one place e.g. knees``

4
Q

what is a ball and socket joint

A

Ball and socket joints - allow movement in more than one plane e.g.hip and shoulder

5
Q

what is an immovable joint

A

immovable - occur where bones grow together the bones then interlock and there is no movement between them

6
Q

Define osteoarthritis

A

a degenerative condition in which articular cartilage degrade and produces painful and inflamed joints

7
Q

how common is osteoarthritis

A

commonest joint disease

8
Q

how does osteoarthritis occur

A

the glycoprotein and collagen in articular cartilage on ends of bones at joints are degraded

the breakdown products are released into the joint cavity and cells lining the joint remove them

they cause inflammation and so the joint swells become painful and stiffen

9
Q

where is OA most common

A

Knees hips fingertips

10
Q

What are the risk factors of OA

A

age common in people over 45 years

being overweight especially for knee and hip joints

the repeated reflex of a joint such as with those who dance or play sports

11
Q

Treatment of OA

A

There is no cure for OA

there are 3 different treatments that can be used
depending on the severity of the OA

Structured excercise plan with a physiotherapist

pain control with NSAIDs e.g. asparin

Joint replacement especially for hip and knee joints

12
Q

what are the advantages of joint replacement

A

pain relief
reduced drug use
restoration of movement
enhanced quality of life

13
Q

what are the disavantages of joint replacement

A

risk of blood clots and infections
long recovery period
subsequent increased risk of hip dislocation
replacements only last for 15 - 20 years

14
Q

1st order lever

A

A first order lever has the axis (fulcrum) located between the weight (resistance) and the force.
An example of a first - order lever is a pair of pliers or scissors.

First order levers in the human body are rare.

The weight is the head, the axis is the joint and muscular action come from any of the posterior muscles attaching to the skull, such as the trapezius.

15
Q

2nd order lever

A

In a second order lever, the weight is located between the axis and the force.

The most obvious example is a wheelbarrow where a weight is placed in the bed of the wheelbarrow between the wheel and the hands of the person using the wheelbarrow.
In the human body an example of a second order lever is found in the lower leg when someone is standing on the tiptoes.

The axis is formed by the metatarsophalangeal joints, the resistance is the weight of the body, and the force is applied to the calcaneus bone by the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles through the achilles tendon.

16
Q

3rd order lever

A

In third order the lever is the most common in the human body

Force is applied between the resistance and the axis

A shovel used to pick up an object. The axis is the end of the handle where the person grips with one hand.the other hand, placed somewhere along the shaft of the handle which applies the forces.

At the other end of the shovel a resistance is present

There are numerous third order levers in the human body

An example of this can be illustrated in the elbow joint.
The joint is the axis. The resistance is the forearm, wrist and hand. The force is the biceps muscles when the elbow is flexed

17
Q

how does Rheumatoid arthritus occur

A

Rheumatoid arthritis occurs when your immune system attacks the synovium — the lining of the membranes that surround your joints.

18
Q

what is the result of having RA

A

The resulting inflammation thickens the synovium, which can eventually destroy the cartilage and bone within the joint.

The tendons and ligaments that hold the joint together weaken and stretch. Gradually, the joint loses its shape and alignment.

19
Q

How can RA be treated

A

treatment helps to reduce pain and decrease inflammation and improve a persons overall functioning

Treatment can come in the form of

physiotherapy - balencing rest and excercise

Drugs - NSAIDs are injected into the joints to reduce inflammation and pain

Joint replacement surgery

20
Q

f1 x d1 =f2 x d2 to workout force if needed

A

f1 x d1 =f2 x d2 to workout force if needed

21
Q

define synovial joint

A

a joint at which bones’ movement is lubricated by articular cartilages and synovial fluid secreted by a synovial membrane

22
Q

describe a synovial joint

A

the ends of the bones are covered with articular cartilage which is hyaline cartilage making a slippery coat

the synovial cavity is a small space between the ends of the bones filled with synovial fluid which is secreted by the synovial membrane that surrounds the space

the articular cartilage and synovial fluid lubricate the joint and act as shock absorbers

synovial fluid also nourishes the chondrocytes
this is important because diffusion of nutrients from the blood vessels in the bones through the articular cartilage would be too slow to provide the chondrocytes with the nutrients they need

the synovial membrane is covered in a fivrous membrane that contains ligaments the synovial membrane and ligament makes the joint capsule which holds the joint together

23
Q

Describe an antaganistic muscle

A

when one muscle of an antagonistic pair is contracted the other is relaxed the contraction and relaxtion are co ordinated in opposite fashion

24
Q

What are tendons primarily

A

86% collagen laid down in densely packed parrallel fibres