c16 & c17 genes to proteins (translation)

Question 1

gene expression

Answer 1

is the entire set of processes that results in using the information stored in a gene.
Molecules or events that increase gene expression are said to exert positive control. Molecules and events that decrease gene expression are said to exert negative control.
- Whether or not an RNA gets made from the information encoded in structural sequences. It depends on the events that occur at regulatory sequences

Question 2

regulatory proteins

Answer 2

promoters, transcription factors

Question 3

promoters

Answer 3

promote the gene expression

Question 4

transcription factors

Answer 4

regulate gene expression, usually by binding directly to regulatory sequences in DNA

Question 5

activators

Answer 5

• Activators are transcription factors that help exert positive control
  Bind to enhancers

Question 6

repressors

Answer 6

• Repressors are transcription factors that help exert negative control
  Bind to silencers

Question 7

enhancers

Answer 7

• Enhancers are regulatory sites in DNA that are involved in positive control

Question 8

silencers

Answer 8

• Silencers are regulatory sites in DNA that are involved in negative control

Question 9

operon

Answer 9

A sequence of structural gene sequences whose products have related functions and that are under the control of the same promoter and other regulatory sequences, meaning that they are transcribed as a unit.

Question 10

exons

Answer 10

expressed, they code for the amino acids found in a protein product/

Question 11

introns

Answer 11

intervene between exons. transcribed but later removed from the mRNA prior to translation

Question 12

positive control (over gene expression)

Answer 12

mechanisms that increase the amount of active gene product available

Question 13

negative control (over gene expression)

Answer 13

mechanisms that decrease the amount of active gene product available

Question 14

transcription factors

Answer 14

proteins that regulate transcription, often by binding to regulatory sequences in DNA

Question 15

chromatin

Answer 15

the complex of DNA and histone proteins that has DNA wrapped around it

Question 16

nucleosome

Answer 16

a group of four histone proteins that has DNA wrapped around it

Question 17

histone proteins

Answer 17

proteins that have an abundance of positively charged lysines and arginines in their primary structure, which interact with negative charges on the sugar-phosphate backbone of DNA to form nucleosomes.

Question 18

anticodon

Answer 18

a sequence of three bases found at one end of a tRNA that binds to a codon in mRNA during translation via complementary base pairing

Question 19

release factor

Answer 19

a protein that fits into the A site of a ribosome, binds to a stop codon, and interacts with the ribosome to terminate translation

Question 20

reading frame

Answer 20

the sets of three-base codons in RNA or DNA that specify the primary sequence of codons

Question 21

ribozyme

Answer 21

an RNA molecule that catalyzes a chemical reaction, analogous to enzymes, which are protein catalysts

Question 22

genetic code

Answer 22

the set of relationships between the 64 possible codons in mRNA and the amino acids that are added to a newly synthesized proteni

Question 23

codon

Answer 23

a group of three bases in an mRNA that codes for an amino acids

Question 24

start codon

Answer 24

the codon that signals where translation and thus protein synthesis begins. usually AUG and also codes for the amino acid methionine (Met).

Question 25

stop codon

Answer 25

that signals where translation and thus protein synthesis ends. usually UAA, UAG, and UGA

Question 26

endomembrane system

Answer 26

a collection of machines, cytoskeletal componenets and organelles that together produce, process, and transport proteins and lipids destined for organelles, the cell membrane, or outside th ecell

Question 27

signal sequence

Answer 27

a series of amino acids at the start of a protein that allows that protein to enter the endomembrane system

Question 28

motor protein

Answer 28

a protein that fucntion in cell movement through shape changes caused by phosphorylation or dephosphorylation

Question 29

phosphorylation

Answer 29

the addition of a phosphate group (PO4^3) to a protein or other molecule. in most cases, the phosphate group comes from ATP. Dephosphorylation is the reverse process