c16: other neurological disorders, brain injuries, and brain pathologies

Question 1

what is schizophrenia

Answer 1

difficulty with reality, hallucinations, delusions, and paranoia

Question 2

what are the 3 categories of schizophrenic symptoms? name and describe all

Answer 2

positive: things added to behavior (hallucinations, delusions)

negative: things removed/reduced in schizophrenia (reduced emotions)

cognitive: difficulty planning, keeping attention, organizing thoughts

Question 3

what are the types of causes for schizophrenia

Answer 3

genetics and epigenetics (environment)

Question 4

what is the genome wide association studies

Answer 4

investigates genetic markers for schizophrenia, specific genes that code for schizophrenia

Question 5

what is the diathesis stress model

Answer 5

model of schizophrenia and other disorders where genes linked to specific disorders are expressed during stressful events

Question 6

what happens in the brain during schizophrenia

Answer 6

decreased brain matter in frontal and temporal lobes, ventricles increases in gaps. all implies loss of neural tissue in brain

Question 7

dopamine hypothesis

Answer 7

schizophrenia is due to overactivation of dopamine receptors

Question 8

glutamate hypo-functioning hypothesis

Answer 8

schizophrenia is due to underactivation of glutamate in the brain

Question 9

what are the two types of treatments for schizophrenia

Answer 9

typical and atypical antipsychotics

Question 10

describe typical antipsychotics

Answer 10

dopamine agonists that treats schizophrenia

Question 11

what are types of typical antipsychotics

Answer 11

chloropromazine and haloperidol

Question 12

what are some side effects of typical antipsychotics

Answer 12

drowsiness, low sex drive, weight gain, tardive dyskinesia

Question 13

what is tardive dyskinesia

Answer 13

severe side effect of typical antipsychotics. uncontrollable muscle twitching

Question 14

describe atypical antipsychotics

Answer 14

medications that don’t work on everyone and doesn’t have as many severe side effects as typical antipsychotics

Question 15

what is an example of an atypical antipsychotic

Answer 15

chlozapine, antagonist for serotonin and dopamine receptors

Question 16

define senility

Answer 16

natural decline of movement, senses, and memory that happens during aging in a person

Question 17

dementia

Answer 17

loss of cognitive function due to neurodegenerative diseases

Question 18

what does alzheimer’s disease do? symptoms?

Answer 18

causes 60-70% of dementia. impacts long/short term memory and eventually causes death. can cause confusion and irritability

Question 19

what are two factors of alzheimer’s disease

Answer 19

beta-amyloid plaque and neurofibrillary tangles

Question 20

describe beta-amyloid plaque and how it causes alzheimer’s

Answer 20

amyloid precursor proteins (APP) is a type of protein that helps with the growth of neural tissue. enzymes cut up APP into fragments (beta amyloid) that clump together and create plaque. these clumps bind together and can destroy dendrites, axons, and cells in the brain

Question 21

describe neurofibrillary tangles and how it causes alzheimer’s

Answer 21

microtubules in brain cells act as support for cells. they are held together by tau proteins. these tau proteins later disintegrate and cause neurofibrillary tangles. no support from microtubules causes cells to die

Question 22

what is APOEɛ4

Answer 22

recessive allele that increases the likelihood of getting Alzheimer’s

Question 23

what is a seizure

Answer 23

uncontrollable excitation of neurons that can cause muscle contractions, confusion, and loss of consciousness

Question 24

what is epilepsy

Answer 24

a disease where a person has multiple seizures

Question 25

list and describe the types of seizures

Answer 25

partial seizures: starts at a specific location in the brain generalized seizures: seizure that has no focal point of origin

Question 26

list and describe the types of partial seizures (2)

Answer 26

simple partial seizures: cause a behavioral/psychological response to that focal point (ie motor cortex) complex partial seizures: starts at temporal lobe. causes dizziness, confusion, loss of consciousness, and memory loss. spreads to other areas of the brain

Question 27

list and describe the types of generalized seizures (2)

Answer 27

absence: seizure that lasts 15 sec. loss of consciousness with no memory of it tonic-clonic seizure: most severe type of seizure. lasts for an extended period of time. muscle contractions and loss of consciousness

Question 28

what causes seizures

Answer 28

an imbalance of excitation and inhibition NTs (GABA)

Question 29

what type of drugs are used to treat seizures

Answer 29

anti-epileptic drugs

Question 30

what is a tumor

Answer 30

a group of cells that grow uncontrollably

Question 31

what are the two types of seizures? describe them

Answer 31

benign tumor: slow growth, defined border malignant tumor: fast growth, no border

Question 32

what is a stroke

Answer 32

when blood is unable to reach specific areas of the brain, causing glial cells and neurons to lose oxygen and glucose

Question 33

what is an ischemic stroke

Answer 33

when a blood vessel gets blocked

Question 34

what is a thrombus in an ischemic stroke

Answer 34

fatty deposits and cholesterol that narrow a vessel

Question 35

what is a hemorrhagic stroke

Answer 35

blood vessel leaks/ruptures, causing bleeding in the brain

Question 36

what is an open head injury

Answer 36

an injury where the skull is pierced or fractured

Question 37

what is a closed head injury

Answer 37

damage to the brain without the skull getting damaged

Question 38

what is a subdurla hematoma

Answer 38

a closed head injury where blood vessels tear and cause bleeding between the cortex and dura matter. bleeding in the brain

Question 39

what is a concussion? what are some symptoms

Answer 39

a mild traumatic head injury that temporarily affects the brain. due to striking or shaking of head symptoms: dizziness, headaches, nausea, confusion, amnesia, visual problems

Question 40

describe a coup-contrecoup injury (coup = "coo")

Answer 40

a brain injury where the brain bounces back and forth. the coup is the main injury / motion, contrecoup is the opposite side of the brain that gets injured

Question 41

what is a diffuse axonal injury

Answer 41

damage to long axonal tracts in the brain such as the corpus callosum. axon fibers break and bend

Question 42

what is post concussion syndrome? what part of the brain can it effect?

Answer 42

when symptoms of a concussion last longer than normal. can cause damage to the pituitary gland

Question 43

what is second impact syndrome

Answer 43

swelling/damage to the brain due to a second blow to the head. usually happens in sports (ie football player receiving 2 concussions)

Question 44

mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)

Answer 44

a brain injury where a person is dizzy for less than 30 mins or they don't lose consciousness

Question 45

traumatic brain injury (TBI)

Answer 45

a closed or open head injury due to sports, car accidents, etc

Question 46

chronic traumatic encephalopathy

Answer 46

degenerative disease associated with repeated brain injury

Question 47

describe meningitis and its symptoms

Answer 47

a pathogen that infects the meninges in the brain and spinal cord symptoms: headache, fever, stiff neck, confusion, hypersensitivity to light/noise

Question 48

how is meningitis diagnosed

Answer 48

lumbar puncture. a long needle is inserted to the spinal cord to extract cerebrospinal fluid. "spinal tap"