C2 Chemical Bonding Flashcards
(51 cards)
<p>What are the three types of <b>chemical bonding</b>?</p>
<ul><li>Ionic Bonding</li><li>Covalent Bonding</li><li>Metallic Bonding</li></ul>
<p>What is <b>Ionic Bonding</b>?</p>
<p>Ionic Bonding is bonding between two oppositely charged ions</p>
<p>Where is Ionic Bonding found?</p>
<p>Ionic Bonding is found in compounds made of metals and non-metals</p>
<p>What is <b>Covalent Bonding</b>?</p>
<p>Covalent bonding is the bonding of two atoms sharing 1 or more pairs of electrons</p>
<p>Where is Covalent bonding found?</p>
<p>Covelant bonding is found in most non-metal elemnts and in compounds of non-metals</p>
<p>What is <b>Metallic Bonding</b>?</p>
<p>Metallic Bonding is the attraction between positively charged ions and negatively charged delocalised electrons</p>
<p>Where is Metallic Bonding found?</p>
<p>Metallic Bonding is found in metals and alloys</p>
<p>What are <b>Ions</b>?</p>
<p>Ions are charged particles</p>
<p>How are positively charged ions formed?</p>
<p>Positively charged ions are formed when an atom or molecue loses electrons</p>
<p>What is another name for positevely charged ions?</p>
<p>Cations</p>
<p>How are negatively charged ions formed?</p>
<p>Negatively charged ions are formed when an atom or molecule gains electrons</p>
<p>What is another name for negatively charged ions?</p>
<p>Anions</p>
<p>What are <b>Ionic Lattices</b>?</p>
<p>Ionic Lattices are giant structures held together by strong electrostatic forces between oppositely charged ions</p>
<p>What are the three states of matter?</p>
<ul><li>Gas</li><li>Liquid</li><li>Solid</li></ul>
<p>What is <b>melting</b>?</p>
<p>Melting is when a solid is heated to its melting point and changes into a liquid</p>
<p>What is <b>boiling</b>?</p>
<p>Boiling is when a liquid is heated to its boiling point and evaporates into a gas</p>
<p>What is <b>condensing</b>?</p>
<p>Condensing is when a gas is cooled to its boiling point and turns into a liquid</p>
<p>What is <b>freezing</b>?</p>
<p>Freezing is when a liquid is cooled to melting point and turns into a solid</p>
<p>Why do some substances have high melting points?</p>
<p>Some substances have high melting points as there are strong intermolecular forces between the particles</p>
<p>This means a lot of energy is required to melt the solid</p>
<p>What is <b>sublimation</b>?</p>
<p>Sublimation is a process that changes a solid to a gas</p>
<p>What is <b>desublimation</b> or <b>deposition</b>?</p>
<p>Desublimation or Deposition is a process that changes a gas to a solid</p>
<p>What type of structures do Ioonic Compounds form?</p>
<p>Ionic Compounds always form Giant Ionic Lattice Structures</p>
<p>What are the properties of Ionic Compounds?</p>
<ul><li>High Melting and Boiling Points</li><li>Conducts electricity when molten or dissolved</li></ul>
<p>Why can Ionic Compounds conduct electricity when molten or dissolved?</p>
<p>The Ions in the lattice are free move so charge can flow</p>
Why can't Ionic Compounds conduct electricity as a solid?
Ions in the lattice are fixed so charges cannot flow
Why do Ionic Compounds have high melting and boiling points?
To break the ionic bonds, large amounts of energy is needed to overcome the electrostatic forces between the ions in the lattice
Due to this, the ionic compounds have very high melting and boiling points
Why do simple covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points?
The small covalent molecule is held together by strong covalent forces
Lots of small covalent molecules are held together by Intermolecular forces
The intermolecular forces are weak and easy to break so little energy is required to overcome them. This meands small covalent molecules have low melting and boiling points
What are polymers?
Polymers are large chain-like molecules, made up of repeating units
Why are polymers often solids at room temperature?
Polymers are quite large so the intermolecular forces add up to be quite strong, holding the molecules together
What are the properties of pure metals?
- Sonorous
- Soft and Malleable
- Ductile
- High melting and Boiling Points
- Conductors of Heat and Electricity
Why are pure metals soft and malleable?
As the metal ions are arranged in layers, they slide over each other easily when a force is applied
Why do metals have high melting and boiling pounts?
Metals have high melting and boiling points as there are strong electrostatic forces between the metal ions and delocalised electrons
What are alloys?
Alloys are a mixture of two or more elements where at least one is a metal
Why are alloys harder than pure metals?
As alloys are made up of different sized ions, this distorts the regular layers of atoms in metals
This means its harder for the metal ions to slide over each other as the atoms are different sizes
Why are metals good conductors of electricity?
Metals are good conductors of electricity as their delocalised electrons can carry a charge through the structure
What are the properties of diamond?
- High melting point
- Each Carbon atom forms 4 covalent bonds
- Hard
What are the properties of graphite?
- Each carbon atom forms 3 covalent bonds
- Soft
- Conducts Electricity
Why is Graphite soft?
In Graphite, the carbon atoms form layers of hexagonal rings
The intermolecular forces between these layers are very weak, so the layers can slide over another easily. This makes Graphite soft
Why can Graphite conduct electricity?
In Graphite, each carbon atoms forms 3 covalent bonds
This means there is a delocalised electron from each carbon atom. As the electrons are delocalised, they are free to move so Graphite can conduct electricity
What is Graphene?
Graphene is a single layer of Graphite
What are fullerenes?
Fullerenes are molecules of carbon atoms that have hollow shapes
How many carbon atoms does buckministerfullerene have?
Buckministefullerene is made up of 60 carbon atoms
What are the uses of spherical fullerenes?
- Catalysts
- Lubricants
- Delivering drugs into the body
What are the uses of cylindrical fullerenes?
- Electronics
- Nanotechnology
- Strengthening materials
How big is one nanometre in metres?
1×10⁻⁹m
Why are nanoparticles cheap and efficient?
Nanoparticles have a high volume to area ratio
This means smaller amounts of materials are required for the same desired purpose, making them much more cheaper and efficient than larger particles
How can nanoparticles be used as catalysts?
As there is a large surface area to volume ratio on nanoparticles, there is a larger area where the reactions can be catalysed
How can nanoparticles be used in medicine?
Fullerene molecules can be used to efficiently deliver drugs to a specific area of the body to target disease
How are nanoparticles used in deoderant?
Nanoparticles can have antimicrobial properties. They make deoderants more effective by killing bacteria
What is the Law of Conservation of Mass?
The Law of Conservation of Mass states that
Total Mass of Products = Total Mass of Reactants
