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GCSE Chemistry > C2 - Chemical Structure > Flashcards

C2 - Chemical Structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the different sections of the earth

A
  • Crust (solid rock)
  • Mantle (semi liquid)
  • Outer core (liquid)
  • Inner core (solid)
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2
Q

What can tell us what’s under the crust and why?

A

P waves (goes through solid and liquids)

S waves (go through solids)

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3
Q

What are the observations about the plate movement?

A

South America and Africa have similarities:

  • fossils
  • shape
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4
Q

Give a brief explanation of how volcanoes are formed

A

Oceanic sun ducts under the continental. This melts causing fractures in the crust. Magma goes through cooling forming a volcano

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5
Q

Name the three types of rock.

A
  • Igneous (from cooled magma)
  • Sedimentary (layers of sediment held together by prolonged pressure)
  • Metamorphic (heat and pressure on sediment)
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6
Q

Give a summary of how electrolysis is used to get pure copper.

A
  • Pulls copper electrons of the anode making Cu(2+) ions.
  • Go to the cathode as they have electrons to make copper atoms.
  • At the anode there is impurities and at the cathode there is pure copper
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7
Q

What is the equation of what happens at the cathode in electrolysis of copper?

A

CU(2+) + 2e(-) > Cu

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8
Q

What is the equation of what happens at the anode in electrolysis of copper?

A

Cu > Cu(2+) + 2e(-)

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9
Q

What are alloys?

A

A mixture of a metal and another element.

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10
Q

Give an example of an alloy

A

Steel (iron and carbon)

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11
Q

What is a smart alloy?

A

If their shape is changed they are able to go back to their original shape

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12
Q

What is the word equation for Iron rusting?

A

Iron + oxygen + water > hydrated iron(III) oxide

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13
Q

Why do people use different materials on cars?

A
  • best material for best job
  • cheapness
  • structure
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14
Q

What doe the pH scale show?

A

This shows different colours indicating its strength and if it is an acid, alkali or neutral

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15
Q

What has the pH between 0 and 6?

A

Acids

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16
Q

What has the pH between 8 and 14?

A

Alkali

17
Q

What has the pH of 7?

A

Neutral

18
Q

What is the equation of neutralisation?

A

Acid + base > salt + water

19
Q

What is the neutralisation equation in terms of H(+) and OH(-)?

A

H(+) + OH(-) >< H(2)O

20
Q

What does an acid and a carbonate form?

A

Salt + water + carbon dioxide

21
Q

What does an acid and ammonia form?

A

Ammonium salt

22
Q

What three things can be used to make fertilisers?

A

1) Ammonium sulphate
2) Ammonium phosphate
3) Potassium nitrate

23
Q

Summarise eutrophication in rivers and lakes.

A
  • The fertilisers wash in to the lakes
  • Algae and plants grow rapidly
  • Increase in population size because of more food
  • Oxygen reduced in water killing animals
24
Q

How do you make ammonium nitrate?

A

1) Add methyl orange indicator to ammonia until it turns yellow
2) Slowly add nitric acid until it turns colourless
3) To he ammonium nitrate crystals evaporate it

25
Q

What is percentage yield?

A

The percentage of product you would get if you converted the reactants into product

26
Q

What is the reaction for the harber process?

A

N(2) + 3H(2) >< 2NH(3)

27
Q

What are the ideal conditions for the harber process?

A
  • Pressure (high 200atm)
  • Temperature (450degrees)
  • Catalyst (iron)
28
Q

What is the ratio of H(2) and N(2) in the harber process?

A

3:1

29
Q

What are five factors that effect the production cost?

A
  • Price of energy
  • Cost of raw material
  • Labour costs
  • Equipment cost
  • Rate of production
30
Q

What are the optimum conditions?

A

Optimum conditions are those that give the lowest production cost

31
Q

How do you mine for salt?

A

Use warm water to dissolve it underground then evaporate it to get the salt crystals

32
Q

Summarise electrolysis of Brine.

A

1) Hydrogen gas (given off at the cathode)
2) Chlorine gas (given off at the anode)
3) Sodium hydroxide (formed in the solution)

33
Q

Give the equation for what happens at the cathode in electrolysis of Brine.

A

2H(+) + 2e(-)

GCSE Chemistry (4 decks)

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