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Chemistry C2 (ACTUAL) > C2.4-C2.7 > Flashcards

C2.4-C2.7 Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two ways to find the rate of a reaction?

A

Tracking the amount of reactants used up in a time

OR

Tracking the amount of products made up in a time

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2
Q

What is the relationship because the rate of a reaction and the gradient of the graph of that reaction?

A

They are equal

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3
Q

What is the equation for rate of reaction?

A

Change of product or reactant / Time

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4
Q

What must particles do to react?

A

Collide

Have activation energy

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5
Q

What does the rate of a reaction depend on?

A

The frequency of the collisions between particles

The energy transferred in those collisions

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6
Q

What does the speed of a particle relate to?

A

How much energy it has

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7
Q

Why does the rate of the reaction increase positively with an increase of concentration?

A

There are more particles packed into a smaller space

- -> The particles collide more
analogy: year 7s at a disco

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8
Q

What happens to the rate of reaction when the surface area increases?

Why?

A

It increases

There are more particles on the surface of the solid
- so the particles of the liquid collide with them more often

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9
Q

How does temperature affect rate of reaction?

Why?

A

It increases the rate of reaction

The particles have more energy the hotter they are
-move around faster, collide more and so react more

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10
Q

What factors affect the rate of reaction?

A

Temperature
Concentration
Surface area
Presence or absence of a catalyst

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11
Q

Explain collision theory

A

Every chemical reaction: bonds broken and remade

For a chemical reaction= reactant particles must collide with activation energy

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12
Q

What is activation energy?

A

The minimum amount of energy required to initially break the bonds of reactant particles (so they can react)

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13
Q

How does the presence of a catalyst speed up a reaction?

A

It lowers the activation energy of the reaction

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14
Q

What is a catalyst?

A

A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction

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15
Q

How does an exothermic reaction work?

A

Heat from the reaction goes to the surroundings as bonds are made

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16
Q

How does an endothermic reaction work?

A

Heat from the surroundings goes to the reaction as bonds are broken

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17
Q

What ions do acids produce when they’re dissolved in water?

A

H+

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18
Q

What ions do alkalis produce when they’re dissolved in water?

A

OH-

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19
Q

What is an alkali?

A

A base that can dissolve in water

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20
Q

Are all bases alkali?

A

NO

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21
Q

Are all alkalines bases?

A

YES

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22
Q

What is the equation of a neutralisation reaction?

A

Acid + Alkali = Salt + Water

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23
Q

What is a salt?

A

An ionic compound produced when an acid reacts with something

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24
Q

What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Alkali?

A

Salt + Water

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25
What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Base?
Salt + Water
26
What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Metal?
Salt + Hydrogen
27
What are the products of a reaction between an Acid + Carbonate?
Salt + Water + Carbon Dioxide
28
What are the two things that make up a salt?
A metal compound + A non-metal compound
29
Where does the non-metal part of a salt come from?
The acid hydrochloric acid --> chlorides sulphuric acid --> sulphates nitric acid --> nitrates
30
Where does the metal part of a salt come from?
Depends on the reaction: EITHER A metal (e.g magnesium) An insoluble base (e.g copper oxide) A soluble alkali (e.g sodium hydroxide)
31
What is the state symbol for soluble?
aq`
32
What is the state symbol for insoluble?
s
33
What is a precipitate?
An insoluble salt formed from the reaction of two soluble solutions
34
What are the products of a reaction with the reactants of Soluble salt + Soluble salt?
Insoluble salt + Soluble salt
35
What is electrolysis?
The process of breaking up ionic compounds using electricity
36
What electrode are negative ions (anions) attracted to during electrolysis?
Anode | Positive electrode
37
What electrode are positive ions (cations) attracted to during electrolysis?
Canode | Negative electrode
38
What are pos. charged ions called during electrolysis?
Cations
39
What are neg. charged ions called during electrolysis?
Anions
40
What is the pos. electrode in electrolysis called?
Anode
41
What is the neg. electrode in electrolysis called?
Cathode
42
What is the process of electrolysis?
2 Electrodes- pos. & neg. - battery moves electrons from one to another (from pos. to neg.- creating charge) Electrodes in electrolyte (either molten or soultion)-electrons are free to move Pos. ions move to canode (receive electrons from canode- reduced --> =no charge) Neg. ions to anode (take away electrons through anode to battery- oxidised --> =no charge)
43
What is an electrolyte?
A liquid which conducts electricity
44
What is the electrolyte in electrolysis?
EITHER Molten ionic compound OR Solution of ionic compound
45
What happens to cations when they are attracted to the canode?
Neg. ions jump from canode to cations Reduction = no charge
46
What happens to anions when they are attracted to the anode?
Extra electrons taken up through anode to battery (--> to canode) Oxidation = no charge
47
When electrolysis takes place with a molten ionic compound, which electrode does the metal part go to?
Anode
48
When electrolysis takes place with a molten ionic compound, which electrode does the non-metal part go to?
Cathode
49
When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the cathode if the metal ion is less reactive than hydrogen? Why?
That metal Because the metal can't displace hydrogen and be oxidised (water + metal)
50
When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the cathode if the metal ion is more reactive than hydrogen? Why?
Hydrogen gas is formed | Because the metal displaces hydrogen from water and is oxidised metal oxide + hydrogen
51
When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the anode if a halogen is present?
That halogen is formed
52
When electrolysis takes place with a solution of ionic compound, what is formed at the anode if a halogen is not present?
Oxygen is formed
53
What are the halides?
Chloride Bromide Fluoride Iodide
54
What can electrolysis be used for?
Extracting aluminium from bauxite Metal plating Impure copper Electrolysis of brine
55
What is the process of using electrolysis to extract aluminium from bauxite?
Graphite electrodes used (Cathode surrounding w/ steel case, anode inserted from above) Molten bauxite dissolved w/ cryolite Aluminium forms at cathode- tapped off Oxygen forms at anode- reacts w/ graphite = carbon dioxide --> anode needs to be replaced when carbon has all been reacted w/
56
What is the process of using electrolysis for metal plating?
``` Object to be plated at cathode Stick of plating metal at anode Electrolyte= solution of plating metal Battery creates a flowing current of electrons from one electrode to another- creates anode and cathode Pos. metal ions attracted to cathode --> coat the object w/ metal ions =plated object ```
57
What is the process of using electrolysis for using up impure copper?
Pure copper at cathode Impure copper at anode Electrolyte= copper sulphate solution Battery creates a flow of electrons from one electrode to another - creates anode and cathode Pos. Cu ions from anode attracted to cathode Eventually- uses up all Cu ions from anode = Pure copper w/ higher copper conc. + impurities
58
What is the process of the electrolysis of brine?
Electrolysis tank w/ semi-permeable membrane (ions from cathode to anode but not the other way round) Battery creates flow of electrons form one electrode to another- creates anode and cathode Brine (solution of NaCl + H2O) enters tank H2 evaporates + tapped off Cl2 evaporates + tapped off (used for disenfector etc.) NaOH (sodium hydroxide) crosses membrane + tapped off (used in chemical industry)
59
What is the chlorine tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?
Disinfectant
60
What is the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?
Chemical industry
61
What is the hydrogen tapped off from the electrolysis of brine used for?
Manufacture of hydrochloric acid | Potential for fuel

Chemistry C2 (ACTUAL) (2 decks)

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