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Biology-10 > C3 > Flashcards

C3 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the process of photosynthesis

A

Plants capture light energy from the sun and convert into chemical energy potential energy stored in sugar and other organic molecules.

Endothermic reaction.

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2
Q

Which organelle does it occur in?

A

Occurs in the chloroplasts.

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3
Q

Photosynthesis equation:

A

6 CO2 + 6 H2O+ light energy = C6 H12 O6+ O2

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4
Q

What are the two plant organ systems:

A
  • Root system

- Shoot system

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5
Q

What does the shoot system do:

A

Absorbs carbon dioxide and light energy from above the ground

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6
Q

What organs does the shoot system have:

What do they do?

A
  • Stems: supports the leaves and reproductive structure.

- Leaves; Main photosynthetic organ of the plant

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7
Q

What does the root system do;

A

The root system absorbs the minerals and the water from the ground.

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8
Q

What organs does the root system have:

What do they do?

A

Roots:

  • Anchors the plant into the soil
  • Absorbs water and minerals
  • Stores carbohydrates.
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9
Q

What are the three tissues that each organ system has?

A

Dermal
Vascular
Ground

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10
Q

What does Dermal tissue do?

A

Is the protective outer layer of the plant

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11
Q

What does Vascular tissue do?

A

Transports material between the root and shoot systems

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12
Q

What does Ground tissue do?

A

Includes specialized cells for storage, photosynthesis and support.

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13
Q

Cuticle

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

A waxy layer that covers the upper epidermal cells.
Prevents water loss

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14
Q

Upper Epidermis

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

Cells located at the top
Protect the leaf from physical damage and pathogens.

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15
Q

Palisade cells

Tissue and function

A

Ground:

Contains chloroplasts
Site of most the leaf’s photosynthesis

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16
Q

Vascular Bundle

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

Visible as leaf veins
Contain xylem and phloem that transport fluids.

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17
Q

Xylem

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

  • Tubular elongated cells that are dead.
  • Carry water and minerals upwards from the roots to the leaves.
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18
Q

Phloem

Tissue and function

A

Vascular

  • Long narrow cells that are alive
  • Transport sugars from the leaves to other parts of plants where they are needed.
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19
Q

Lower Epidermis

Tissue and function

A

Dermal:

Cells located at the bottom
Protect leaf from physical damage and pathogens

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20
Q

Spongy Tissue Cells

Tissue and function

A

Ground

Contain chloroplasts
Located under palisade cells
Carry out photosynthesis
Air spaces between the cells allow for gas transport within the leaf.

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21
Q

Stomata

Tissue and function

A

Dermal

  • Contain guard cells
  • Opening in the epidermal layer that carries out gas exchange
  • Allow gases in and out of the leaf.
  • Contain guard cells that change the diameter of stoma by changing shape.
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22
Q

Function of xylem tissues:

A

Xylem tissue transports the water and minerals (upwards) from the roots to the leaves

Xylem tissues are dead at functional maturity

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23
Q

2 cells that xylem tissue is made out of (+1):

A
  • tracheids

- vessel elements

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24
Q

1) Step 1 of the Xylem process:

A

Absorption by the Roots into the Xylem:

  • Water is transported into the roots through osmosis
  • Minerals are transported into the roots through active transport or diffusion depending on concentration gradient.

-Root hairs expand the surface area of the roots.

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25
2) Step 2 of the Xylem process: | 3
Bulk transport from the Roots to the Leaves: The water and minerals (xylem sap) is transported against the force of gravity by bulk transport: - Root pressure - Transpiration Pull - Adhesion and Cohesion
26
2a) Xylem process: Root pressure
- is created by the accumulation of water and minerals in the root xylem. - Root pressure pushes the xylem sap up the stem towards the leaves.
27
2b) Xylem process: Transpiration Pull
- is created by water evaporation (transpiration) in the leaves. - Water is pulled up the xylem tissue to replace the water that is lost through transpiration in the leaves.
28
2c) Xylem process: Cohesion and Adhesion
-are due to water properties: - Cohesion: is the tendency of water molecules to stick to other water molecules due to hydrogen bonding. - Pulls a column of water up the leaves - Adhesion; is the tendency of water molecules to stick to certain surface (hydrophilic), due to hydrogen bonding. - Prevents xylem sap from falling back (reduces the force of gravity)
29
What is the phloem process:
Sugar is transported by the phloem tissue from the leaves to the rest of the plant.
30
What are the two cells that make up the phloem tissue:
sieve-tube elements and companion cells
31
The 4 Steps in Sugar Transport (Phloem):
Sugar is transported from the sugar source, where sugar is made, to sugar sink, where sugar is used.
32
1) Step one of sugar transport process
Sugars produced by the sugar source are transported into the phloem vessel through active transport
33
2) Step one of sugar transport process
osmosis causes water into the phloem vessel - Increases the pressure inside the vessel - dilute high concentration of sugar - makes sugar less vicsious - makes sugar more movable
34
3) Step one of sugar transport process
Pressure and concentration gradients move the phloem sap towards the sugar sink
35
4) Step one of sugar transport process
Increasing pressure forces the phloem sap out of the vessel and into the neighboring cells -water is recycled
36
Where does most gas exchange occur in the cell:
Stomata
37
Where is CO2 transported in the leaf and where is O2 transported in the leaf? Which time of transport?
CO2 is transported into the leaf and O2 is transported out of the leaf for photosynthesis. -Transported through passive diffusion
38
Where does exchange occur in stems.
Lenticles: are lense shaped openings in the bark of woody plants that enable gas exchange.
39
What is transpiration?
is the loss of water vapour from the leave by diffusion and evaporation.
40
What increases water loss in plants ?
Large surface areas, large SA/V ratio and stomata are good for photosynthesis but cause water loss. -95% of water is lost from plants through stomata.
41
How can water loss be controlled?
Water loss can be controlled by guard cells that change the diameter of the stomata by changing shape.
42
Opening guard cells:
- Guard cells gain water - turgid - opening
43
Closing guard cells:
- guard cells lose water - flaccid - closing
44
Stimulus to guard cells open:
- moist environments - light - less carbon dioxide - circadiam rhythms
45
Stimulus to guard cells close:
-dry environments
46
When are stomata open and when are they closed?
Stomata open during day time Stomata close during night time Stomata prevent water loss under condition when photosynthesis cannot occur.
47
when does photosynthesis and gas exchange occur:
mainly occurs during the day when light and oxygen are present.
48
What is tropism:
Is any growth response that results in plant organs toward or away from stimuli
49
Positive tropism:
growth towards stimuli
50
Negative tropism:
growth away from stimuli
51
What is phototropism?
Growth towards or away from light
52
Which scientists conducted the phototropism experiment.
Charles and Francis Darwin
53
What was the problem of the Darwin Experiment?
what part of plant senses where the light is coming from.
54
What was the conclusion of the Darwin Experiment?
The tip of the seedling detects light and sends a signal down to stem to control it.
55
Why does curved growth occur in phototropism?
The light produces auxin which elongates the cells on the shaded side faster than the cells on the bright side.
56
What was the result of the Darwin and Darwin Experiment:
Tip Removed- No Phototropism Tip covered by opaque cap- No phototropism Tip covered by transparent cap- positive phototropism Curvature covered by opaque shield- positive phototropism
57
What was the problem of Boysen and Jensen experiment?
What type of signal controls the stem growth
58
What were the method of the Boysen and Jensen experiment?
Tip seperated from the step by different types of barriers
59
What was the result of the Boysen and Jensen experiment?
Gelatin (permeable) – positive phototropism. - Mica (impermeable) – no phototropism.
60
What was the conclusion of the Boysen and Jensen Experiment?
The signal is a mobile chemical because it passes through the gelatin (permeable barrier), but not through the mica (impermeable barrier)
61
What was the problem of Frits Went Experiment?
What is the chemical signal?
62
Frits Went Experiment Results:
- Centered – grew straight. - Off-centered – curved away from the side with the agar block. Agar cube no chemical: No growth Agar cube with chemical: Growth Agar cube placed left: Curves right Agar cube placed right: Curves left
63
Frits Went Conclusion:
Auxin (Greek for increase) is the chemical | messenger, hormone, that causes elongation of the cells on the darker side
64
What is Gravitropism?
Growth in response to gravity
65
what gravitropism do roots display:
Positive
66
What gravitropism do stems display:
Negative
67
Stratoliths
are organelles containing dense starch grains that allow plants to detect gravity
68
Day and Night• Sleep movements
are plants responses to day and night. These responses follow a biological clock or circadian rhythm
69
Leaves in the evening
Plants lower their leaves in | the evening
70
Leaves in the morning
and raise them in the morning. - Due to changes in turgor pressure at base of stem
71
Hydrotropism
growth in | response to water.
72
Thermotropism
tendency to | turn away or toward heat or cold
73
Chemotropism
growth in | response to a chemical stimulus.

Biology-10 (2 decks)

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