C3

Question 1

The _______ is the “calendar” for events in Earth history.

Answer 1

geologic time scale

Question 2

It subdivides all time into named units of abstract time called—in descending order of duration—eons,eras,periods,epochs, and ages.

Answer 2

geologic time scale

Question 3

This GTS has the largest intervals of geologic time; hundreds of millions of years in duration.

Answer 3

Eons

Question 4

_______ is the most recent eon and began more than 500 million years ago

Answer 4

Phanerozoic Eon

Question 5

the second longest portions of geological time
divided time intervals of eons
subdivided by periods

Answer 5

Era

Question 6

The enumeration of those geologic time units is based on_____, which is thecorrelationand________

Answer 6

stratigraphy; classification of rock strata

Question 7

In biology, EVOLUTION is the ________ over several generations and relies on the process of _____.

Answer 7

change in the characteristics of a species
natural selection

Question 8

_______is a process that results in changes in the genetic make up (gene pool) of a population through successive generations.

Answer 8

EVOLUTION

Question 9

is genetic change that occurs over long time scales, resulting in large changes in heritable traits in a population; changes large enough that we consider this population a unique taxonomic group, or species

Answer 9

MACROEVOLUTION

Question 10

is genetic change that occurs over small time scales and results in small changes in heritable traits

Answer 10

MICROEVOLUTION

Question 11

What causes variations?

Answer 11

Recombination, Mutation

Question 12

How Does variation occur??
During fertilization, sperm cell fuses with the ovum to create a ____.

Each ____contains hundreds to thousands of genes

On each pair of chromosomes, there are two genes that determine that trait to be inherited. This gene pair is called ____.

Answer 12

zygote
chromosome
allele

Question 13

What are the Mechanisms of Evolution

Answer 13

Mutation, Natural selection, Gene flow, Genetic drift

Question 14

Change in the DNA sequence within a gene or chromosome of a living organism

Answer 14

Mutation

Question 15

______ reduce the fitness of an organism and increase the susceptibility to several illnesses and disorders.

Answer 15

Deleterious mutations

Question 16

________can lead to the reproductive success and adaptability of an organism to its environment

Answer 16

Beneficial mutations

Question 17

Classifications of Mutation:
____occur in gametes (eggs or sperm cells) and can be pass on to offspring.

____occur in non-reproductive cells and are not pass on to the following generation

Answer 17

Germ line mutations
Somatic mutations

Question 18

It leads to an evolutionary change when some individuals with certain traits in a population have a higher survival and reproductive rate than others and pass on these inheritable genetic features to their offspring.

Answer 18

Natural selection

Question 19

_____-the organisms best adapted to the environment are more likely to survive and reproduce

Answer 19

“Survival of the fittest”

Question 20

: the process whereby earth’s
life changes over time through changes in the genes of populations

Answer 20

Biological evolution

Question 21

_______ and ________ independently proposed the concept of natural selection as a mechanism for biological evolution.

Answer 21

Charles Darwin (1809–1882)
Alfred Russel Wallace (1823–1913)

Question 22

A change in the genetic characteristics of a population from one generation to another is known as ____

Answer 22

biological evolution, or simply evolution.

Question 23

What are the categories of natural selection

Answer 23

Stabilizing, Directional, Disruptive

Question 24

occurs when the environment selects against organisms of a population with extreme versions of a trait.

Answer 24

Stabilizing selection

Question 25

Stabilizing selection favors an ___phenotype by selecting ______extreme variation.

Answer 25

average against

Question 26

the environment selects for an extreme characteristic single phenotype is favored, causing the allele frequency to continuously shift in one direction

Answer 26

Directional selection

Question 27

- the environment favors extreme traits in a population at the expense of intermediate forms, thereby splitting the population into two or more subpopulations. - selection often drives _____

Answer 27

Disruptive selection speciation

Question 28

happens in large populations with lots of pressure for the individuals to find advantages or niches as they compete with each other for food to survive and/or partners to pass on their lineage.

Answer 28

Disruptive selection

Question 29

The flow of alleles in and out of a population due to the migration of individuals or gametes.

Answer 29

gene flow

Question 30

This variable flow of individuals in and out of the group not only changes the _______ of the population, but can also introduce new _______ to populations in different geological locations and habitats.

Answer 30

Gene flow gene structure genetic variation

Question 31

  It can occur when a small group of individuals leave in a population and establishes a new one in a geographically isolated region. 

Answer 31

Genetic drift

Question 32

Genetic drift is _____as it occurs in a result of pure chance, however, it affects small populations significantly unlike large populations that are not susceptible to change due to chance. 

Answer 32

random

Question 33

A dramatic decrease in genetic diversity caused by the formation of isolated small colony of individuals.

Answer 33

Founder effect

Question 34

A genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population due to natural hazards (earthquakes, floods, fires)

Answer 34

Bottleneck effect

Question 35

How Do Geological Processes and Climate Change Affect Evolution? First, the ____________ greatly influence the earth’s climate and thus help determine where plants and animals can live. Second, the _________ has allowed species to move, adapt to new environments, and form new species through natural selection. The_________have a major effect on biological evolution by determining where different types of plants and animals can survive and thrive and by changing the locations of different types of ecosystems

Answer 35

locations of continents and oceanic basins movement of continents long-term climate changes

Question 36

, is any heritable trait that enables an individual organism to survive through natural selection and to reproduce more than other individuals under prevailing environmental conditions.

Answer 36

Adaptation, or adaptive trait

Question 37

For natural selection to occur, a trait must be ______.

Answer 37

heritable

Question 38

The trait in adaptation must also lead to _______, which enables individuals with the trait to leave more offspring than other members of the population leave.

Answer 38

differential reproduction

Question 39

When environmental conditions change, a population of a species faces three possible futures: ______to the new conditions through natural or become selection, ____(if possible) to an area with more favorable conditions, ______.

Answer 39

adapt ; migrate; extinct

Question 40

3 Classifications of adaptation ______(body covering, shape, defensive and offensive armaments) ________(making venom, secreting slime, phototropism) _________(searching for food, mating, vocalizations)

Answer 40

Structural Physiological Behavioral

Question 41

It is an adaptation in which one animal evolves to look like another animal; is a very effective adaptation, and it is crucial to the survival of many species.

Answer 41

Mimicry

Question 42

______mimicry occurs when two different species look alike. This benefits both animals, as predators will typically avoid them all. This type of mimicry is common to many groups of butterflies.

Answer 42

Mullerian

Question 43

_______mimicry,  unusual type of mimicry (only a few cases in snakes are known), and it occurs when a harmful species copies an aposematic trait (e.g. coloration) of a less dangerous organism.

Answer 43

Mertensian

Question 44

______mimicry, the mimetic organism (that is usually harmless and edible) copies the flashy traits of a venomous or poisonous organism present in its habitat in order to make predators think it’s a harmful species. 

Answer 44

Batesian

Question 45

_____ mimicry in this case are predators (or parasites) the ones that develop the traits of a more or less harmless species (or even of a beneficial one) in order to be unnoticed by their preys or hostages.

Answer 45

Aggressive or Peckhamian

Question 46

The _______ is a special case of mimicry that takes place when an organism transforms some part of its body in order to seems like another part of its own body or even of the body of another member of its species (e.g. a male that mimics a trait from females). 

Answer 46

automimicry (also known as intraspecific mimicry)

Question 47

Natural selection can lead to an entirely new species. Under the process, called _____(two species arise from one).

Answer 47

speciation

Question 48

_______ is the number of different species it contains (________) combined with the relative abundance of individuals within each of those species (_______)

Answer 48

Species diversity species richness species evenness

Question 49

The species diversity of communities varies with their ____

Answer 49

geographical location

Question 50

How does species richness affect an ecosystem? According to the first hypothesis, the more _____an ecosystem is, the more ____it will be.

Answer 50

diverse; productive

Question 51

Describes the role of an organism plays in a community. It is a species’ way of life in a community and includes everything that affects its survival and reproduction

Answer 51

Ecological niche or niche

Question 52

have broad niches. They can live in many different places, eat a variety of foods, and often tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions.

Answer 52

Generalist species

Question 53

occupy narrow niches. They may be able to live in only one type of habitat, use one or a few types of food, or tolerate a narrow range of climatic and other environmental conditions.

Answer 53

Specialist species

Question 54

________ are those species that normally live and thrive in a particular ecosystem. _________ are species that migrate into or are deliberately or accidentally introduced into an ecosystem. -It is also referred to as invasive, alien, or exotic species

Answer 54

Native species Nonnative species

Question 55

Species that provide early warnings of damage to a community or an ecosystem are called _______

Answer 55

indicator species.

Question 56

________is the complete disappearance of a species from Earth. It occurs when species are diminished because of environmental forces (habitat fragmentation, global change, natural disaster, overexploitation of species for human use) or because of evolutionary changes in their members such as: (_____, ________, ______)

Answer 56

Extinction genetic inbreeding, poor reproduction, decline in population numbers

Question 57

_______species are especially vulnerable to extinction.

Answer 57

Endemic