C3

Question 1

Do all particles vibrate?

Answer 1

No just solids

Question 2

Where is energy transferred from in melting and boiling?

Answer 2

From the surroundings

Question 3

Where do particles go to in freezing and condensing?

Answer 3

From the substance to the surroundings

Question 4

Qualities of solids

Answer 4

A fixed shape or volume that can’t be compressed

Question 5

Qualities of liquids

Answer 5

Fixed volume but can flow and move, occupying more space from when solid

Question 6

Qualities of gases

Answer 6

No fixed shape or volume, can be compressed easily

Question 7

Draw the three states

Answer 7

Refer to the textbook

Question 8

What do elements react together to make?

Answer 8

Compounds, which have gained or lost electrons

Question 9

Which groups react with each other forming ionic bonds

Answer 9

Group 1, Group 7
Group 2, Group 6
Group 3, Group 5

Question 10

What is ionic bonding

Answer 10

A strong electrostatic force of attraction between these oppositely charged ions

Question 11

Why do ionic bonding have high melting points?

Answer 11

Because it takes a lot of energy to break the strong ionic bond , operating in all directions, that hold a giant ionic lattice together.

Question 12

What state are ions at room temp?

Answer 12

Solids

Question 13

When can ions conduct electricity and why?

Answer 13

Ionic compounds will conduct electricity when molten or dissolved in water because of the ions becoming mobile and able to move in water. They will then have delocalised electrons.

Question 14

What holds ions together in a giant ionic lattice?

Answer 14

Strong electrostatic forces called ionic bonds

Question 15

When are covalent bonds formed?

Answer 15

When atoms of non-metals share pairs of electrons with each other

Question 16

What do substances containing covalent bonds consist of?

Answer 16

Simple molecules for most but some have giant covalent structures

Question 17

Are covalent bonds strong?

Answer 17

Yes because they share electrons

Question 18

What are substances made of simple molecules melting and boiling point like?

Answer 18

Lowww

Question 19

Are the forces between simple molecules weak?

Answer 19

Yes because of weak intermolecular forces

Question 20

Why can simple molecules not carry charge ?

Answer 20

Because they have no overall charge so they can’t carry it so they don’t conduct electricity

Question 21

Give 3 examples of giant covalent structures

Answer 21

Diamond, graphite and graphene

Question 22

Facts about diamonds

Answer 22

Ever C atom is joined to 4 other C atoms. 3d shape. Very strong bonding, making it hard to break, boil and melt. No ions, no free delocalised electrons, no conduction

Question 23

Facts about graphite

Answer 23

Every C atom is joined to 3 other C atoms forming a flat plate of hexagons, lying in layers. High melting and boiling points because if strong bond, weak intermolecular forces. Delocalised electron for every C atom so it conducts

Question 24

Facts about graphene

Answer 24

1 layer of graphite, if it is rolled up it is called a nano tube

Question 25

What can fullerenes form?

Answer 25

Large cage-like structures and tubes, based on hexagonal rings of carbon atoms

Question 26

What are fullerenes useful for?

Answer 26

Transport mechanism for drugs to specific places in the body, as catalysts and as reinforcement for composite materials

Question 27

What are Buckyballs?

Answer 27

C60, football shape, can’t conduct, very strong

Question 28

What is metallic bonding?

Answer 28

Positively charged metal ions, which are held together by electrons from the outermost shell of each metal ion, the delocalised electrons are free to move in the giant metallic lattice so it conducts

Question 29

What is 1 nanometer equal to?

Answer 29

1x10^-9m

Question 30

What is nano science?

Answer 30

The study of small particles between 1 and 100 nano meters in length

Question 31

What is good about nano particles?

Answer 31

The surface area in relation to volume is extremely good

Question 32

What is a micrometer?

Answer 32

1x10^-6 m

Question 33

What can nanoparticles be used for?

Answer 33

Sunscreen, carrying drugs around the body, catalysts and cosmetics

Question 34

What does the particle theory describe?

Answer 34

The movement of particles and the average distance between them.

Question 35

What are the limitations of the particle model?

Answer 35

They assume that particles are made up of solid spheres with no forces acting between each other. However as atoms come in different sizes and shapes, cause reactions between each other and the fact they are mostly empty space it can be proved wrong.

Question 36

How can atoms become ions?

Answer 36

Through sharing electrons which is covalent bonding or transferring electrons which is ionic bonding.

Question 37

When are covalent bonds formed?

Answer 37

When atoms of non-metals share pairs of electrons with each other.

Question 38

What are polymers?

Answer 38

They are made of small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains.

Question 39

What is an alloy and why are they used?

Answer 39

A mixture of metals. They are used for making the atoms a different size to each other so that it makes it harder for the layers to slide over each other so they are harder than pure metals.

Question 40

What are the possible risks of nano-particles?

Answer 40

A spark could cause an explosion due to them being catalysts. They could find their way into the atmosphere and could cause health hazards.