c3

Question 1

1. What does the enzyme helicase do during DNA replication?

Answer 1

unwinds the double helix structure of DNA, separates to two single strands by breaking the hydrogen bonds between base pairs.

Question 2

2. what is a single stranded binding protein?

Answer 2

Binds to the DNA strands in order to keep them separated

Question 3

3. What does the enzyme primase do in DNA replication?

Answer 3

adds RNA primer to each strand, signaling where replication should start.

Question 4

4.. What is the role of DNA polymerase in DNA replication?

Answer 4

Attaches to primer & adds new nucleotides to original strands
-Builds a new strand by pairing each base with its complementary base.
- leading strand is copied continuously.
-RNA primer is removed after

Question 5

5. What happens on the lagging strand during DNA replication?

Answer 5

ligase closes gaps creating a complete strand. At sugar phosphate bone

Question 6

6.What is the end result of DNA replication?

Answer 6

2 identical double-stranded DNA molecules are produced, each with one original strand and one newly synthesized strand.

Question 7

template strand

Answer 7

single strand of DNA used as a guide to make a new one.

Question 8

Nucleotides

Answer 8

are the building blocks of DNA, made of A, G, C, and T.

Question 9

direction DNA strands run in

Answer 9

anti parallel

Question 10

what does DNA replication being semi-conservative mean

Answer 10

(one old strand, one new strand

Question 11

RNA is temporary becuase

Answer 11

it needs to be replaced in the end with the final DNA structure

Question 12

why is it important to replicate DNA

Answer 12

in order to fully duplicate cells properly, and to ensure each daughter cell receives a copy of the DNA.

Question 13

where does DNA replication occur

Answer 13

nucleus of eukaryotic cells.

Question 14

why is proofreading important

Answer 14

to prevent errors that could lead to incorrectly coded genes or proteins

Question 15

lagging strand

Answer 15

DNA strand replicated in short fragments, joined by DNA ligase.

Question 16

what organelle is responsible for protein synthesis

Answer 16

ribosome, , it reads the mRNA transcript and turns it into a protein.

Question 17

what is transcription?

Answer 17

to make a mRNA strand from DNA

Question 18

product of transcription

Answer 18

mRNA

Question 19

3 types of RNA

Answer 19

Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Transfer RNA (TRNA)
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Question 20

mRNA transcript

Answer 20

piece of mRNA that will float out of the nucleus into the cytoplasm

Question 21

template

Answer 21

DNA strand that serves as a guide for producing mRNA; determines the sequence of the mRNA.

Question 22

exons

Answer 22

short sequences of the mRNA nucleotides used to make proteins

Question 23

introns

Answer 23

Long sequences of the mRNA nucleotides that don’t code for anything (they interrupt coding)

Question 24

spliceosome

Answer 24

removes introns before mRNA leaves and joins together exons

Question 25

Poly A tail

Answer 25

to protect the mRNA strand from breaking down, as it also helps with translation initiation.

Question 26

A codon

Answer 26

is a set of 3 nucleotides on the mRNA strand.

Question 27

Anti-Codon

Answer 27

is a set of 3 nucleotides on the tRNA strand.

Question 28

Initiation phase:

Answer 28

-RNA P binds to open the double helix -recognizes promoter sequence and attaches to it before actual gene

Question 29

Elongation phase

Answer 29

RNA P binds to mRNA strand using dna as template -mRNA is complimentary to sense strand

Question 30

Termination phase

Answer 30

-mRNA transcript floats out of nucleus & into cytoplasm -RNA P detaches, helix reforms -Ribosomes will read transcript and turn it into a protein

Question 31

what is genetic engineering

Answer 31

take a desired trait from one organism and implant it into the genome of another organism

Question 32

Recombinant DNA

Answer 32

creating a molecule of recombinant DNA. recombinant: Within own species or From another species (transgenic)

Question 33

what is the Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Answer 33

to make copies of a specific dna sequence

Question 34

gel electrophoresis

Answer 34

used to separate DNA in order to compare them,Smaller molecules move faster, larger ones move slower.

Question 35

what is a mutation

Answer 35

changes in the sequence of dna

Question 36

silent mutation

Answer 36

When the codon changes to something else with the same amino acid

Question 37

missense mutation

Answer 37

Affects protein: can affect the function of protein, works less affective or not at all

Question 38

non-sense mutation

Answer 38

stops codons

Question 39

point mutation

Answer 39

Small changes in DNA that only affect one base pair

Question 40

insertion mutation

Answer 40

nucleotides being added nucleotides being removed

Question 41

deletion mutation

Answer 41

nucleotides being removed

Question 42

frameshift mutation

Answer 42

Insertion or deletion of DNA bases that changes the way the genetic code is read, leading to incorrect proteins.

Question 43

translocation mutation

Answer 43

transfer of a large piece of DNA and putting it in a different spot in the genome.

Question 44

inversion mutation

Answer 44

section of chromosome when inverts itself (usually not harmful)

Question 45

causes of mutations

Answer 45

-Spontaneous mutations – mistakes made by DNA Polymerase III or I -induced Mutations – caused by mutagens Ex – UV light, X-rays, other radiation chemicals

Question 46

DNA and RNA similarities

Answer 46

both have C,G,A, sugar, phosphate backbone

Question 47

DNA compared to RNA

Answer 47

has thymine, 2 strands, deoxyribose sugar

Question 48

RNA compared to DNA

Answer 48

has uracil, 1 strand, ribose sugar, temporary

Question 49

restriction enzymes

Answer 49

cut DNA at specific sequences.