C3- Integration of body systems Flashcards
System coordination
The coordination/cooperation of different systems in an organism
What order is the hierarchy of subsystems?
Cells, tissue, organ, organ systems, organisms
How many organ systems are in a human?
- Circulatory, digestive, endocrine, gas exchange, integumentary, lymphatic, muscular, nervous, reproductive, skeletal, and urinary.
Ermergent properties
Properties that emerge as a result of the interaction of smaller components
What are the two types of body systems used for communication?
Endocrine system (horomones) and nervous system (nerve impulses)
What is the purpose of the circulatory system?
Facilitating integration of organs and transportation of materials and energy between organs
What is the central integrating system?
The brain
What is the brains job?
Recieving and processing info, sending instructions, storing long and short term memory
What is the CNS and what is it composed of?
The central nervous system, made up of the brain and spinal cord.
What is white matter?
Myelanated axons in the spine that convey signals from the brain and send them to organs
What is grey matter?
The cell body for motor neurons and interneurons, used for processing information and decision making
Where are sensory neurons located and what do they do?
The skin and sense organs. They act as receptors for touch, heat, light, and internal conditions.
Where do the brain and spinal cord recieve their signals from?
The brain recieves signals from the main sense organs, the spinal cord recieves signals from the other organs.
What do nerve impulses cause?
Muscles to contract or secrete a gland
What is a nerve?
A bundle of fibres enclosed in a protective sheath that transmits a signal
What are the most common fibres that a nerve contains?
Sensory and motor neurons
What is the reflex arc?
The process the body goes through to execute a reflex
How does the reflex arc work?
Receptors sense change, sensory neurons receive signal from receptors and send it to interneurons, interneurons decide what to do, motor neurons carry out the command to effectors, and effectors will execute the command.
Receptors>Sensory neurons>Interneurons>Motor neurons>Effectors
What is the cerebellum?
The part of the brain that controls skeletal muscle contraction and balance.
What is circadian rythm?
The physical, mental, and behavioral changes an orgamism experiences over a period of 24 hours.
What does circadian rythm depend on?
Two groups of cells called the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN)
How does melatonin work and what does it do?
It binds to receptors, causing drowsiness, skeletal relaxation, decreased urine production, and the core body temperature dropping.
How does epinephrine (adrenaline) travel across the body?
It’s secreted by the adrenal glands, reaches the tissues, binds to adrenergic receptors in the plasma membrane of the target cell, and finally triggers a response.
Adrenal glands>Tissue>Adrenergic receptors
What is the purpose of epinephrine?
It increases the supply of oxygen and glucose being sent to skeletal muscles, maximizing their production of ATP by respiration.
What does epinephrine make other organs do?
It has muscle and liver cells break down glycogen into glucose, has the bronchi/bronchioles dilate due to relation of smooth muscle cells, and it increases the heart rate, increasing cardiac output.
