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GCSE - Chemistry > C3 - structure and bonding > Flashcards

C3 - structure and bonding Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structure of a solid

A

fixed shape and volume
cannot be compressed
vibrate

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2
Q

what is the structure of a liquid

A

fixed volume
can flow and change shape
occupy more space than solid

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3
Q

what is the structure of a gas

A

no fixed shape or volume
compressed easily

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4
Q

what does particle theory describe

A

movement of particles
average distance between particles

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5
Q

how does a solid turn into a liquid

A

the solid is heated
the hotter it gets the more the particles vibrate
vibrations become so strong the particles break free
becomes liquid

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6
Q

how does a liquid become a gas

A

the liquid is heated
the hotter it gets the more it’s particles move
temperature rises and more energy transferred from surrounding to particles
particles escape from surface of liquid
becomes gas

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7
Q

what are the limitations of the particle model

A

the atoms, molecules, and ions that make up substances are not spherical, and have forces acting between them
atoms are mostly empty space

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8
Q

what is sharing electrons called

A

covalent bonding

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9
Q

what is transferring electrons called

A

ionic bonding

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10
Q

how is ionic bonding represented

A

a dot and cross diagram

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11
Q

what arrangement do ionic bonds form

A

giant structure
giant lattice

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12
Q

what ions do each of the groups form

A

group 1 - 1+
group 2 - 2+
group 3 - 3+ when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 4 - do not form ions
group 5 - 3- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 6 - 2- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 7 - 1- when they form ions instead of sharing electrons
group 0 - never form ions in compounds

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13
Q

why is it difficult to break up a giant ionic lattice

A

strong ionic bonds to break
electrostatic attraction holds the ions together
i.e ionic compounds have high melting and boiling points

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14
Q

what happens when ions become a liquid

A

they are attracted to oppositely charged electrodes hell in the molten compounds

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15
Q

properties of an ionic solid

A

fixed in position in giant lattice
vibrate but cannot move around
does not conduct electricity

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16
Q

properties of a molten ionic compound

A

high temperature provides enough energy to overcome many strong attractive forces between ions
ions are free to move around within the molten compound
does conduct electricity

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17
Q

properties of an ionic compound in a solution

A

ions are free to move around within the solution
does conduct electricity

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18
Q

between what type of element does covalent bonding happen

A

between non metals

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19
Q

give an example of a giant covalent structure

A

diamond

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20
Q

what are the weak forces between molecules called

A

intermolecular forces

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21
Q

what happens to intermolecular forces as you increase the size of a molecule

A

they increase

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22
Q

what are polymers made up of

A

small reactive molecules that bond to each other to form long chains

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23
Q

why do simple molecules not conduct electricity

A

they have no overall charge

24
Q

what materials have giant covalent structures

A

diamond
graphite
silicon dioxide (silica)

25
properties of giant covalent structures
high melting and boiling points insoluble in water hard and do not conduct electricity (bar graphite)
26
what is the structure of graphite
giant covalent carbon is only bonded to three other carbon atoms form hexagons arranged in layers no covalent bonds between layers layers can slide over eachother
27
why does graphite conduct electricity and thermal energy
hey have delocalised electrons
28
what are fullerenes
molecules of carbon with hollow shapes, their structures are based on hexagonal rings
29
what are the properties of nano tubes
high tensile strength good conductors
30
what are fullerenes used for
delivering drugs in the body to treat cancer in specific parts of the body lubricants catalysts
31
what is graphene
a single sheet of carbon atoms from graphite
32
properties of graphene
excellent conductor low density strong
33
what could graphene be used for
new developments in the electronics industry
34
how are the atoms in metals arranged
later upon later in a regular pattern
35
what is metallic bonding
positive metal ions held together by delocalised electrons from each metal atom
36
what is an alloy
an alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, where at least one of which is a metal
37
why are free electrons like glue?
the positive ion cores are attracted to the free electrons
38
why are metals malleable
delocalised electron means lattice can distort when metal atoms are struck the metals atoms slip past one another without breaking up the metals structure
39
why are metals ductile
the layers of metal ions can slide over each other
40
why do metals have high melting points
the strong electrostatic forces mean it takes a lot of energy to separate the metal ions from their fixed positions and break down the lattice
41
what is nanoscience
the study of particles between 1 - 100 nanometers in size
42
what substances are PM10
coarse particles or dust
43
what are fine particles described as
PM0.1 to PM2.5
44
properties of nano particles
highly reactive high SA:V ratio
45
how can nano particles be used in glass
glass can be coated with titanium oxide (nano particles) sunshine triggers chemical reaction that breaks down dirt that lands on window when it rains, water spread evenly and washes dirt off
46
how can nano particles be used in suncream
titanium and zinc oxide get coated with silica thickness of silica can be adjusted to atomic level coated nano particles are more effective at blocking suns rays
47
how can nano particles be used in cosmetics
nano particles in face creams are absorbed deeper into skin
48
how can nano particles be used in medicine
tiny gold particles injected and absorbed by tumours tumours have thin leaky blood vessels with holes large enough for gold particles to pass into, cannot get into healthy blood vessels when laser is directed at tumour, energy is transferred to gold and they warm up quickly temperature of tumour increases to change properties of its proteins destroys tumour cells
49
what are silver nano particles used for
inhibit the growth of microorganisms
50
where are silver nano particles used
fridges anti bacterial sprays antimicrobial coatings (keyboards, wound dressings, biomedical devices, textile)
51
how can nanowires be used
to construct incredibly small electronic circuits make computers with vastly improved memory capacities and speeds
52
how can nanotubes be used
make highly sensitive sensors can detect tiny traces of a gas present in the breath of asthmatics before an attack
53
risk of nano particles due to size
large surface area makes them dangerous if a spark is made by accident near a large quantity of the catalyst there could be a violent explosion
54
risk of nano particles due to amount of use
as they get used more and more they could find their way into the atmosphere scientists believe health hazard increases as the diameter of particle decreases breathing in tiny particles could damage lungs and enter bloodstream
55
risk of nano particles due to entering environment
could affect aquatic life by accumulating in organisms over time

GCSE - Chemistry (10 decks)

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