C3.1

Question 1

What are emergent properties?

Answer 1

When the final product takes on a new function that is bigger than the sum of its parts

Question 2

Name 7 systems

Answer 2

1. skeletal system
2. repsiratory system
3. muscular system
4. circulatory system
5. digestive system
6. nervous system
7. reproductive system

Question 3

What is the nervous system?

Answer 3

includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves

Question 4

What is the endocrine system?

Answer 4

a complex network of glands and organs

Question 5

Draw a nerve cell

Answer 5

• dendrite
• soma
• nucleus
• myelin sheath
• axon

Question 6

discribe the resting potential

Answer 6

negative on the inside, through active transport Na3+ is pumped out, K2+ is pumped in. creating a concentration gradient of -70mV and allowing for polarization to occur when a nerve impulse is triggerd

Question 7

What are sensory neurons?

Answer 7

used to transmit information from the finger to the brain, long

Question 8

what are relay neurons?

Answer 8

These connect sensory neurons to motor neurons and are involved in “decisions” about the consequences of the information received

Question 9

what are motor neurons?

Answer 9

These carry information from the central nervous system to effector organs to bring about a response.

Question 10

What is grey matter in the brain?

Answer 10

Mostly of cell bodies, dendrites, synapses and non-myelinated neurons.
More grey matter = more complex thinking

Question 11

What is white matter in the brain?

Answer 11

Predominantly of axons that are myelinated. Start of motor neurons and ends of sensory neurons

Question 12

What are nerves?

Answer 12

Bundles of thousands of neurons are being transported in protected sheath

Question 13

Name the three neurons used in the pain reflex arc

Answer 13

Motor
Sensory
Relay

Question 14

How many synapses are involved in this reflex?

Answer 14

4

Question 15

The sensory and motor neurons in this reflex arc are both myelinated. What is the advantage of this?

Answer 15

quick and efficient transport of messages

Question 16

What is the effect of adrenaline?

Answer 16

• Muscle and liver cells break down glycogen into glucose
• Smooth muscles in arterioles carrying blood to muscles and the liver relax causing vasodilation
• Ventilation rate increases

Question 17

What is a phototrophic response?

Answer 17

growth response to light / turning or moving

Question 18

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Gibberellin?

Answer 18

Controls stem elongation and seed germination.

Question 19

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Auxin

Answer 19

Promotes cell enlargement. Inhibits branching in stems

Question 20

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Cytokinin

Answer 20

Promotes cell division. Promotes branching in stems.

Question 21

What is the purpose of the phytohormone Ethylene

Answer 21

Promotes fruit ripening.

Question 22

what is Geotrophism

Answer 22

→ towards or away from gravity

Question 23

Why does the shady cell expand?

Answer 23

-Auxin changes the DNA structure
-Auxin causes the loosening of cellulose fibres
-Hydrogen ions are pumped into the cell wall
-More acidic environment which causes more water to be absorbed through osmosis
-The cell is able to absorb more water through osmosis
-Auxin comes from the tip and goes evenly down

Question 24

How does Auxin get to the shady side?

Answer 24

-Moves into a cell easily
Once in the cell, it changes lightly
-Needs special carriers to be transported out of the cell
-Carriers are somehow displaced on the shady side of the cell
-More auxin on the shady side
-Moves out on the shady side so more cell elongation on the shady side
-Accumulation of auxin causes expansion of cell

Question 25

What is the Apoplast

Answer 25

Where H+ ions accumulate in a cell

Question 26

contrast the production sites and methods of transport of hormones in animals with phytohormones in plants.

Answer 26

-They will produce different hormones for different purposes, eg auxin for lateral growth and adrenaline for the fast movement -Humans would have receptors for certain hormones -Plants will affect all cells equally

Question 27

Compare the production sites and methods of transport of hormones in animals with phytohormones in plants.

Answer 27

- They are usually produced in the from the same area - In humans sometimes it can be the pancreas or the brain - In plants its often the shoot or the roots

Question 28

What is the difference between auxin and cytokinesis?

Answer 28

Auxin stimulates cell enlargement and cytokinin stimulates cell division