C3.1 Flashcards
Intergration of body systems (26 cards)
The Nervous System
Emergent Properties?
Those that exist when the sum of all the parts creates features that don’t exit within the individual components.
The Nervous System
Hormones?
Chemicals produced in one location then carried in fluid (bloodstream) to other locations in the body to communicate instructions/information.
* produce slower but long-lasting changes in organisms
* made of amino acid chains, larger proteins & steroid lipids.
The Nervous System
Central Nervous System?
*Divided into central and peripheral nervous systems. *
Central – consists of the brain and spinal cord, involved in information processing and conscious thought.
Peripheral – the nerves that deliver messages between brain and body.
The Nervous System
Cerebrum?
Largest outermost part of the brain, divided into two hemispheres and four lobes.
* four lobes control conscious experiences (sensation, movement, problem solving, memory & emotion.
The Nervous System
Spinal Cord?
A cylindrical bundle of nerves connecting all of the peripheral nerves of the body to the brain.
* An information transmission system that sends and delivers messages
* Has the ability to control some reflex reactions to intense stimuli
The Nervous System
Brainstem?
The bottom of the brain, connects the spinal cord with rest of brain.
* responsible for autonomic nervous system (controls vital organs)
* It’s activities are necessary for life, but outside of our conscious awareness.
The Nervous System
Cerebellum?
Located under the cerebrum.
* Because the cerebrum is heavily localized (each part controlling a seperate process), the commands coming it aren’t coordinated and would lead to uncoordinated movement.
* Cerebellum recieves these sepearte messages and works to coordinate them, so we retain balance/smooth movement.
The Nervous System
Levels of Organisaiton in Plants and Animals
- Cells, which then cluster into specialized tissues.
- Many types of tissues make up an organ.
- Functionally related organs make up organ systems.
- Highest level of organisation is the whole organism, which relies on coordination of all the organ systems.
The Nervous System
Endocrine vs Nervous System Coordination.
Both systems involved in communication and coordination between body systems.
Nervous System - uses electrical impulses for fast, short-lived signals.
Endorcrine – uses hormones (chemical messenges) to send slower and longer lasting messages, by targeting cells through the bloodstream.
The Nervous System
Role of Cerebrum
Summarized into understanding the function of each of the four lobes that together regulate our conscious senseations, movements and thoughts.
Frontal lobe - problem solving & voluntary movement.
Occipital lobe – vision
Parietal lobe – touch and pain sensation
Temporal lobe – houses emotion and memory
The Nervous System
Role of Cerebellum
- Coordinates voluntary movement, so our limbs move in unison, creating fluid movement.
- Faciliates balance, keeps us upright/posture.
The Nervous System
Role of Brainstem
Controls out vital functions like breathing, heart rate, blood pressure as well as relaying information between the brain and spinal cord (conntected to the nerves of the body).
* Brainstem includes medulla (oblongata) that monitors carbon dioixde levels to adjust breathing rate accordingly.
The Nervous System
Importance of the Autonomic Nervous System
The part of the peripheral nervous system that communicates with and controls involunatry vital organs to adjust our breathing, heart rate & digestion as needed.
* includes a sympathetic nervous system (increases alertness for action)
* includes a parasympathic nervous system (relaxes our body for rest)
Neurons and Pain
Sensory Neurons?
Neurons (nerve cells) that carry impulses/messages from the receptor cells of the body to the spinal cord.
* Have distinct shape with a soma at the end near the axon terminals.
Neurons and Pain
Receptor Cells?
Detect environmental stimuli.
* A specialized/modifited neuron capable of starting an action potential that travels through sensory neurons to the brain.
Neurons and Pain
Motor Neurons?
Recieve messages from the brain – specifically form motor cortex & then transfer them through connected motor nuerons to the terminal motor neuron which connects with msucle fibres at the neuromuscular junction.
Neurons and Pain
Motor Cortex?
The back of the frontal lobe, which sends commands via action potentials to specific muscles in the body.
* Highly localized (each section of it controls a specific part of the body)
Neurons and Pain
Internuerons?
Connect a sensory & motor nueron, only found in the central nervous system.
* Contain many dendrites to recieve messages efficiently.
Neurons and Pain
Effectors?
Recieves the neurotransmitter message and acts upon the command from the neuron.
* In somantic nervous system, this is a skeletal muscle (e.g., bicep)
* In the autonomic system, other organs can be effectors responding to signals.
Neurons and Pain
Nerve?
Clusters of individual neurons (nerve cells) with connective tissue and blood supply near them.
* Contain sensory & motor neurons in one place.
Neurons and Pain
Pain Reflex Arc?
An involuntary response that relies on only three neurons.
* A specific receptor (nocireceptor) is a pain receptor that sends an action potential all the way from the recepetor to the spinal cord.
* Connects with an interneuron in the spinal cord which sends a motor command back from the spinal cord to the receptor site for a muscle reflex action to move away from the source of pain. (bicep pulling hand away from flame, say.)
Neurons and Pain
Types of Receptors (Don’t need to memorize all)
- Photoreceptors
* In retina, vision - Chemoreceptors
* Tongue for taste - Thermoreceptors
* Skin for temperature - Mechanoreceptors
* Ear for sound - Osmoreceptors.
* Arteries and brain for water balance. - Baroreceptors
* Arteries for carbon dioxide levels
Neurons and Pain
Role of Acetylcholine
The speific neurotransmitter that’s released from the final motor neuron itno the neuromuscular junction of the muscle fibres (Main neurotransmitter for voluntary movement.)
* Stimulates the release of calcium, opening up the actin binding sites to allow for muscle contraction.
Neurons and Pain
Myelinated vs Unmyelinated Neurons
Myelinated - have schwann cells wrapped around their axons which leave gaps between the myelin called nodes of Ranvier.
* When action potentials travel down myelinated axon, they can skip from one node to the other, making transmission quicker.
Unmyelinated - don’t contain shwann cells, thus have no nodes. Are often shorter nuerons involved in less rapid transmisison.
