C3.1+C3.2 Flashcards
(25 cards)
How and where is Nervous Signal transmitted
Transmitted to specific cells through synapes
Process of Information in and out of brain
Info-Sensory Receptors (in brain)-Stored processed-Action-signal is sent to muscle and glands
What is Grey Matter
Unconscious processing
How is Information moved from spinal cord to body
Info-Neurons-Grey matter-Motor neurons-Muscle and glands
Where does spinal cord vs Brain get info from
SC: Gets info from other organs.
B: Gets info from main sensory organs
Role of the Cerebellum
Controls skeletal muscle contraction and balance
What is the process of Melatonin Production
Cell in retina detects light and sends impulse of SCN. SCN now knows the timing of dusk and dawn, the pineal gland secretes melatonin. At day time, the liver removes the hormone
Where is Epinephrine secreted and what is its impact
Secreted by Adrenal Glands.
IMPACT:
Muscle fibers and liver convert glycogen to glucose.
Bronchioles in the lugs dilate
Pacemaker speeds up.
Arterioles carry blood to muscles and liver widen
Role of Hypothalamus
Links the nervous system to endocrine system by the pituitary gland
Role of Pituitary Gland
Releases hormones.
Puts hormones into blood capillaries
What system controls Peristalsis
Controlled by enteric nervous system (ANS)
What is a Pathogen
Organisms that cause infectious diseases. Organism that is infected becomes host.
What is the first line of defence against pathogens
Skin and mucous.
Skin has a tough outer layer that acts like a barrier
Mucous are soft and moist and contains lysosomes that kill bacteria
Outline the Blood Clotting Process
Platelets are attracted to wounded tissue. Produce clotting factor. Causes a cascade or products which individually cause another reaction. This makes sure that blood clot is only when necessary and fast. Produces thrombin, converts into fibrinogen, into fibers. Forms a mesh across wounds which blood cells are caught in to stop entry of pathogens
What is the Innate immune system
Non-specific
How does Phagocytosis work
Phagocytes eat all pathogens that they encounter. When pathogen in is vacuoles lysosomes fuse with vacuole, adds enzymes hat digest and kill pathogens in blood. Pus is a number of phagocytes
What is the role and structure of Lymphocytes
They circulate in the blood. They have antibodies that are Y-shaped proteins
How are Lymphocytes and Antigen produced
They recognize pathogens by antigens. Antigens are found on the surface. Lymphocytes produce antibody that bind specifically to the antigen
***How are B-Cells and T-Cells activated
The pathogen that has infected the body is swallowed by macrophages. The T-cell that has Anti-Body like receptors bind to the macrophages. T-cell bids to the B-cell that has the same antibody like receptors. T-cells activate B-cells.
what are B-cells and their role
B-cells divide multiple times to create clone cells These B-cells grow in size. High density of ribosomes and Golgi-Apparatus to produce antibodies quicker.
how do Memory Cells word
B-cells help in making immunity last for longer. B-cells become active once the pathogen has re-entered the body.
What Causes of HIV
Sex without a condom.
Sharing needles.
Transfusing infected blood.
Childbirth and Breast feeding
How do Antibiotics work
They target bacterial processes like DNA replication, protein synthases and cell wall formation
How does Antibiotic Resistance work
Resistant strains are not killed by antibiotic and multiply and spread.
