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Chemistry > C3a- Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

C3a- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

0
Q

The alkali metals have …… density

A

Low

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1
Q

Why was Dmitri Mendleevs’ periodic table better?

A

He left gaps

Predicted properties of undiscovered elements

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2
Q

How do you remove temporary hardness?

A

Boiling to decompose to calcium carbonate (limescale)

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3
Q

How do ion exchange columns work?

A

Ca and Mg ions are exchanged for sodium ions

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4
Q

If you lower the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

More

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5
Q

The first good effort of the periodic table was…

Why was it criticised?(3)

A

Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Every 8th element had similar properties

No gaps
Mixed up metals and non metals
Groups contained elements that didn’t have similar properties

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6
Q

When alkali metals react with water, ……… is produced. Aswell has ……….. that dissolve in water to give alkaline solutions.

A

Hydrogen gas

Hydroxides

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7
Q

What is temporary hardness in water cause by?

A

Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3)

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8
Q

Positives of soft water?

A

Lathers soap

No limescale

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9
Q

Both types of water hardness can be removed by adding…. Or ….

A 
Washing soda (sodium carbonate) > CaCO3
Ion exchange columns
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10
Q

If you lower the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

More

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11
Q

Hardness of water is caused by…

A

Ca and Mg ions

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12
Q

Reversible reactions will reach …………

A

Equilibrium

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13
Q

Positives of hard water?

A

Ca ions are good for healthy bones and teeth

Studies show less risk of heart disease

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14
Q

What is permanent hardness in water caused by?

A

Calcium sulfate

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15
Q

In a reversible reaction, if you reduce the temperature the …………… reaction will be favoured

A

Exothermic

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16
Q

What does the haber process produce?

A

Ammonia

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17
Q

In the alkali metals, as you go down the group they become …….. reactive and have ……… melting and boiling points.

A

More reactive

Lower melting and boiling points

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18
Q

Negatives of hard water?

A

When heated > scale

Makes scum with soap

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19
Q

Transition metals make ………. compounds

A

Colourful

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of water treatment and what do the stages do?

A

Mesh screen- remove big parts eg twigs
Chemicals added to make solids and microbes stick together and fall to bottom
Filtration through gravel beds removes solids
Water chlorinated to kill off any harmful microbes left

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21
Q

Why do some people not agree with fluoride and chlorine being added to water?

A

Chlorine- cancer- reacts with substances in body

Fluoride-cancer and bone problems

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23
Q

The modern periodic table is based on …………… ………..

A

Electronic structure

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24
Q

If you raise the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

Less

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25
Q

More ………… halogens will ………….. less reactive ones

A

Reactive

Displace

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26
Q

What are the properties of transition metals? (4)

A 
Good conductors of heat and electricity 
Dense strong shiny 
Less reactive than g1 
Stronger than g1 
Higher MP/BP than g1
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27
Q

Where is hydrogen obtained from for the Haber process?

A

Natural gas

Other sources such as crude oil

28
Q

In group 7 (halogens) as you go down the group, the elements get ……. reactive and have a ………. melting and boiling point.

A

Less

Higher

29
Q

The very early periodic table was based on ………… …….

A

Atomic mass

30
Q

Equilibrium means …

A

The amounts of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there. Overall effect is nil because forward and reverse reactions cancel each other out.

31
Q

In a reversible reaction, if you raise the temperature the …………… reaction will be favoured

A

Endothermic

32
Q

The halogens are all non-metals with ………… ……….

A

Coloured vapours

33
Q

What are the industrial conditions for the Haber process?

A

450 degrees C
200 atm pressure
Iron catalyst

34
Q

What is the alcohol functional group?

A

-OH

35
Q

What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?

A

-COOH

36
Q

What do carboxylic acids names end in?

A

-anoic acid

37
Q

Why do carboxylic acids dissolve in water to produce weak acidic solutions?

A

As they do not ionise completely (not many H+ ions are released)

37
Q

What is the functional group for esters?

A

-COO

38
Q

How are esters formed?

A

Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water

39
Q

How does washing soda (sodium carbonate) remove hardness of water?

A

The added carbonate ions react with Ca and Mg to make an insoluble precipitate of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.

41
Q

The first three alcohols dissolve completely in water to form ……….. solutions

A

Neutral

42
Q

Give two uses how alcohols are used as solvents

A

Perfumes/aftershaves

Methylated spirits- used to clean paint brushes

43
Q

Name some common carboxylic acids

A

Ethanoic acid- vinegar

Citric acid- fizzy drinks

44
Q

How can ethanoic acid be made?

A

Oxidising ethanol

45
Q

Carboxylic acids are used in industry to make …….. and ……….

A

Soaps

Esters

46
Q

Carboxylic acids with longer chains of carbon atoms are used to make …….. and …………..

A

Soaps

Detergents

47
Q

Ethanoic acid is a good solvent for organic molecules. Why isn’t it hoses as a solvent?

A

It makes the solution acidic

48
Q

Esters are formed from …

What catalyst is used?

A

An alcohol and carboxylic acid

An acid catalyst

49
Q

Ethanoic acid + ethanol –> ….

A

Ethyl ethanoate + water

50
Q

In esters the written order is…

A

Alcohol then acid

51
Q

In esters the drawn order is

A

Acid then alcohol

52
Q

What affe the properties of esters?

A

Sweet smelling
Volatile- flammable
Do not mix well with water
Mix well with alcohols and other organic solvents

53
Q

What are the dangers of esters?(3)

A

Inhaling = irritates mucous membranes in nose and mouth
Flammable
Some are toxic

54
Q

Name some uses of esters(4)

A

Perfumes
Flavourings/aromas
Ointments (deep heat)
Solvents for paint, ink, glue, nail varnish remover

55
Q

What can you use titration a to find out?

A

How much acid is needed to neutralise an alkali (or vice versa)

56
Q

Name two indicators that are used in titration

A

Phenolphthalein

Methyl orange

57
Q

Why are the chosen indicators used in titration and not universal indicator?

A

As you want a definite colour change

58
Q

In titration, the point at which the acid and alkali have reacted completely is called the …… ………..

A

End point

59
Q

Outline the stages of titration

A

Known volume in conical flask using pipette
Solution of unknown into burette
Slowly add unknown into known
When indicator changes colour (end point) read how much unknown has been added to the known (from bottom of meniscus on scale)
Repeat process

60
Q

Energy is ………… when bonds are broken

A

Supplied

61
Q

Energy is ………… when bonds form

A

Released

62
Q

Bond breaking is an ………….. process

A

Endothermic (as energy is taken in)

63
Q

Bond formation is an …………. process

A

Exothermic

64
Q

Fuel energy is calculated using …………

A

Calorimetry

65
Q

For the Haber process, where is nitrogen obtained from?

A

Easily obtained from the air (which is 78% nitrogen)

Chemistry (3 decks)

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