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C3a- Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(65 cards)

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0
Q

The alkali metals have …… density

A

Low

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1
Q

Why was Dmitri Mendleevs’ periodic table better?

A

He left gaps

Predicted properties of undiscovered elements

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2
Q

How do you remove temporary hardness?

A

Boiling to decompose to calcium carbonate (limescale)

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3
Q

How do ion exchange columns work?

A

Ca and Mg ions are exchanged for sodium ions

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4
Q

If you lower the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

More

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5
Q

The first good effort of the periodic table was…

Why was it criticised?(3)

A

Newlands’ Law of Octaves
Every 8th element had similar properties

No gaps
Mixed up metals and non metals
Groups contained elements that didn’t have similar properties

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6
Q

When alkali metals react with water, ……… is produced. Aswell has ……….. that dissolve in water to give alkaline solutions.

A

Hydrogen gas

Hydroxides

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7
Q

What is temporary hardness in water cause by?

A

Hydrogencarbonate (HCO3)

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8
Q

Positives of soft water?

A

Lathers soap

No limescale

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9
Q

Both types of water hardness can be removed by adding…. Or ….

A 
Washing soda (sodium carbonate) > CaCO3
Ion exchange columns
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10
Q

If you lower the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

More

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11
Q

Hardness of water is caused by…

A

Ca and Mg ions

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12
Q

Reversible reactions will reach …………

A

Equilibrium

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13
Q

Positives of hard water?

A

Ca ions are good for healthy bones and teeth

Studies show less risk of heart disease

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14
Q

What is permanent hardness in water caused by?

A

Calcium sulfate

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15
Q

In a reversible reaction, if you reduce the temperature the …………… reaction will be favoured

A

Exothermic

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16
Q

What does the haber process produce?

A

Ammonia

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17
Q

In the alkali metals, as you go down the group they become …….. reactive and have ……… melting and boiling points.

A

More reactive

Lower melting and boiling points

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18
Q

Negatives of hard water?

A

When heated > scale

Makes scum with soap

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19
Q

Transition metals make ………. compounds

A

Colourful

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20
Q

What are the 4 stages of water treatment and what do the stages do?

A

Mesh screen- remove big parts eg twigs
Chemicals added to make solids and microbes stick together and fall to bottom
Filtration through gravel beds removes solids
Water chlorinated to kill off any harmful microbes left

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21
Q

Why do some people not agree with fluoride and chlorine being added to water?

A

Chlorine- cancer- reacts with substances in body

Fluoride-cancer and bone problems

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23
Q

The modern periodic table is based on …………… ………..

A

Electronic structure

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24
Q

If you raise the pressure on one side of a reversible reaction, the reaction which produces ……. volume will be favoured.

A

Less

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25
More ............ halogens will .............. less reactive ones
Reactive | Displace
26
What are the properties of transition metals? (4)
``` Good conductors of heat and electricity Dense strong shiny Less reactive than g1 Stronger than g1 Higher MP/BP than g1 ```
27
Where is hydrogen obtained from for the Haber process?
Natural gas | Other sources such as crude oil
28
In group 7 (halogens) as you go down the group, the elements get ....... reactive and have a .......... melting and boiling point.
Less | Higher
29
The very early periodic table was based on ............ .......
Atomic mass
30
Equilibrium means ...
The amounts of reactants and products will reach a certain balance and stay there. Overall effect is nil because forward and reverse reactions cancel each other out.
31
In a reversible reaction, if you raise the temperature the ............... reaction will be favoured
Endothermic
32
The halogens are all non-metals with ............ ..........
Coloured vapours
33
What are the industrial conditions for the Haber process?
450 degrees C 200 atm pressure Iron catalyst
34
What is the alcohol functional group?
-OH
35
What is the functional group for carboxylic acids?
-COOH
36
What do carboxylic acids names end in?
-anoic acid
37
Why do carboxylic acids dissolve in water to produce weak acidic solutions?
As they do not ionise completely (not many H+ ions are released)
37
What is the functional group for esters?
-COO
38
How are esters formed?
Alcohol + carboxylic acid -> ester + water
39
How does washing soda (sodium carbonate) remove hardness of water?
The added carbonate ions react with Ca and Mg to make an insoluble precipitate of calcium carbonate and magnesium carbonate.
41
The first three alcohols dissolve completely in water to form ........... solutions
Neutral
42
Give two uses how alcohols are used as solvents
Perfumes/aftershaves Methylated spirits- used to clean paint brushes
43
Name some common carboxylic acids
Ethanoic acid- vinegar Citric acid- fizzy drinks
44
How can ethanoic acid be made?
Oxidising ethanol
45
Carboxylic acids are used in industry to make ........ and ..........
Soaps Esters
46
Carboxylic acids with longer chains of carbon atoms are used to make ........ and ..............
Soaps | Detergents
47
Ethanoic acid is a good solvent for organic molecules. Why isn't it hoses as a solvent?
It makes the solution acidic
48
Esters are formed from ... What catalyst is used?
An alcohol and carboxylic acid An acid catalyst
49
Ethanoic acid + ethanol --> ....
Ethyl ethanoate + water
50
In esters the written order is...
Alcohol then acid
51
In esters the drawn order is
Acid then alcohol
52
What affe the properties of esters?
Sweet smelling Volatile- flammable Do not mix well with water Mix well with alcohols and other organic solvents
53
What are the dangers of esters?(3)
Inhaling = irritates mucous membranes in nose and mouth Flammable Some are toxic
54
Name some uses of esters(4)
Perfumes Flavourings/aromas Ointments (deep heat) Solvents for paint, ink, glue, nail varnish remover
55
What can you use titration a to find out?
How much acid is needed to neutralise an alkali (or vice versa)
56
Name two indicators that are used in titration
Phenolphthalein | Methyl orange
57
Why are the chosen indicators used in titration and not universal indicator?
As you want a definite colour change
58
In titration, the point at which the acid and alkali have reacted completely is called the ...... ...........
End point
59
Outline the stages of titration
Known volume in conical flask using pipette Solution of unknown into burette Slowly add unknown into known When indicator changes colour (end point) read how much unknown has been added to the known (from bottom of meniscus on scale) Repeat process
60
Energy is ............ when bonds are broken
Supplied
61
Energy is ............ when bonds form
Released
62
Bond breaking is an .............. process
Endothermic (as energy is taken in)
63
Bond formation is an ............. process
Exothermic
64
Fuel energy is calculated using ............
Calorimetry
65
For the Haber process, where is nitrogen obtained from?
Easily obtained from the air (which is 78% nitrogen)

Chemistry (3 decks)

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