C4 Physical Examination of Urine

Question 1

physical examination of urine includes:

Answer 1

color, clarity, & specific gravity

Question 2

what is urochrome?

Answer 2

pigment causing yellow color

Question 3

what is uroerythrin?

Answer 3

pink pigment, attaches to amorphous urates formed in refrigerated specimens

Question 4

what is urobilin?

Answer 4

oxidation of normal constituent, urobilinogen, orange-brown color in older specimens

Question 5

dark yellow and amber urine that is normal is?

Answer 5

concentrated urine

Question 6

dark yellow and amber urine that is abnormal is?

Answer 6

bilirubin

Question 7

bilirubin may indicate possible?

Answer 7

hepatitis virus present

Question 8

Foam in urine indicates?

Answer 8

bilirubin produces yellow foam when shaken, normal urine produces small amounts of white foam caused by protein

Question 9

Photooxidation of large amounts of urobilinogen produces what color urine?

Answer 9

yellow-orange

Question 10

photooxidation of bilirubin to biliverdin produces what color urine?

Answer 10

yellow-green

Question 11

Phenazopyridine (pyridium) or Azo-Gantrisin for UTIs produces?

Answer 11

thick orange pigment & yellow foam (no bilirubin)

Question 12

What is a common cause of red urine?

Answer 12

Blood

Question 13

Methemoglobin

Answer 13

RBCs remain in acid urine, fresh brown specimens can indicate glomerular bleeding

Question 14

cloudy red urine?

Answer 14

RBCs

Question 15

clear red urine?

Answer 15

hemoglobin/myoglobin

Question 16

hemoglobin?

Answer 16

in vivo lysis of RBCs, pt plasma will also be red, consider in vitro lysis/specimen handling

Question 17

Myoglobin

Answer 17

breakdown of skeletal muscle, fresh urine is often more reddish brown, patients plasma is clear

Question 18

Port-wine colored urine?

Answer 18

oxidation of porphobilinogen to phorphyrias

Question 19

Melanin

Answer 19

excess in malignant melanoma, oxidation of melanogen to melanin

Question 20

Homogentisic acid

Answer 20

black color in alkaline urine, alkaptonuria

Question 21

What causes blue-green urine?

Answer 21

urinary and intestinal bacterial infections, IV phenol medications: Clorets (green), Robaxin, methylene blue, Elavil (blue)

Question 22

clarity

Answer 22

refers to the transparency or turbidity of a specimen

Question 23

Normal reporting of clarity

Answer 23

clear, hazy, cloudy, turbid, milky

Question 24

clear:

Answer 24

no visible particulates, transparent

Question 25

hazy:

Answer 25

few particulates, print easily seen through urine

Question 26

cloudy:

Answer 26

many particulates, print blurred through urine

Question 27

turbid:

Answer 27

print cannot be seen through the urine

Question 28

milky:

Answer 28

may precipitate or be clotted

Question 29

causes of nonpathogenic turbidity:

Answer 29

squamous epithelial cells and mucus, bacterial growth in nonpreserved specimens, refrigerated specimens with precipitated amorphous phosphates (white) and urates (pink), contamination

Question 30

causes of pathologic turbidity:

Answer 30

RBCs, WBCs, bacteria, nonsquamous epithelial cells, yeast, abnormal crystals, lymph fluid, lipids

Question 31

Specific gravity

Answer 31

evaluation of urine concentration, determines if urine is concentrated enough to provide reliable screening results, the density of a solution compared with the density of an equal volume of distilled water at the same temp

Question 32

Isothenuric:

Answer 32

SG of 1.010

Question 33

Hyposthenuric

Answer 33

SG lower than 1.010

Question 34

Hypersthenuric

Answer 34

SG higher than 1.010

Question 35

Refractometer

Answer 35

measures velocity of light in air versus velocity of light in a solution

Question 36

advantages of the refractometer

Answer 36

temperature compenstation not needed, small specimen size: 1 or 2 drops

Question 37

osmole

Answer 37

1 g molecular weight of a substance divided by the number of particles into which it dissociates (= to MW of substance)

Question 38

unit of measure used in the clincial lab is?

Answer 38

milliosmole (mOsm)

Question 39

Reagent Strip SG

Answer 39

based on the change in pka (dissociation constant) of a polyelectrolyte in an alkaline medium

Question 40

aromatic odor

Answer 40

normal

Question 41

foul, ammonia-like odor

Answer 41

bacterial decomposition, UTI

Question 42

fruity, sweet odor

Answer 42

ketones (DM, starvation, vomiting)

Question 43

maple syrup odor

Answer 43

maple syrup urine disease

Question 44

mousy odor

Answer 44

phenylketonuria

Question 45

rancid odor

Answer 45

tyrosinemia

Question 46

sweaty feet odor

Answer 46

isovaleric acidemia

Question 47

cabbage odor

Answer 47

methionine malabsorption

Question 48

bleach odor

Answer 48

contamination