C6

Question 1

What does saturated mean

Answer 1

No more double bonds- nothing new can be bonded to the monomer

Question 2

what is a homologous serise

Answer 2

a collection of compounds with the same general formula that differ only in the carbon chain length. they share similar properites that change gradually throughout the serise.

Question 3

Are alkenes saturated

Answer 3

No they have double bonds

Question 4

Are alkanes saturated

Answer 4

Yes they have no double bonds

Question 5

What is the general formula for alkenes

Answer 5

C nH 2n

Question 6

What is the general formula for alkanes

Answer 6

C nH 2n+2

Question 7

How to you work out the name of a carboxylic acid

Answer 7

The name for alkanes, but the ‘e’ at the end is replaced with ‘oic acid’.

Question 8

What type of acids are carboxylic acids

Answer 8

Weak acids

Question 9

What does this equation show
C3H7COOH ⇌ C3H7COO- + H+

Answer 9

The ionisation of a carboxylic acid

Question 10

What is the general formula for carboxylic acids

Answer 10

C nH 2n+1COOH

Question 11

What does butanoic acid ionise into

Answer 11

A butanoate ion and a hydrogen ion.

Question 12

How are carboxylic acids formed

Answer 12

Carboxylic acids are made from oxidising an alcohol with an oxidising agent.

Question 13

What is the functional group in alcohols

Answer 13

OH ion

Question 14

What is a functional group

Answer 14

A particular group of atoms which are responsible for how the molecule reacts.

Question 15

What is the general formula for alcohols?

Answer 15

CnH2n+1OH

Question 16

How do you create the name for an alcohol?

Answer 16

An alkanes except the ‘e’ at the end is replaced by an ‘ol.

Question 17

What are the properties of alcohols?

Answer 17

• They are soluble
• They are flammable
• They can be oxidised to carboxylic acids

Question 18

What is the Ph of Alcohols

Answer 18

7- they are neither basic or acidic

Question 19

What are some uses of alcohols?

Answer 19

• As a solvent in industry
• As a fuel

Question 20

As the chain length (number of carbon atoms) of alkanes increases, they become

physical properites

Answer 20

• more viscous
• less volatile
• less flammable

Question 21

Increasing the chain length (number of carbons) of alkanes leads to:

melting and boiling points

Answer 21

• higher boiling points
• higher melting point

Question 22

What is the word equation for the complete combustion of a hydrocarbon?

Answer 22

hydrocarbon + oxygen ➔ carbon dioxide + water

Question 23

Is combustion an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

Answer 23

Exothermic

Question 24

During a combustion reaction, are carbon and hydrogen oxidised or reduced?

Answer 24

oxidised

Carbon (C) becomes CO2, whilst hydrogen (H2) becomes H2O. Both have gain

Question 25

when balancing combustion of a hydrocarbon what should you do if the oxygens are an odd number C4H10 + ? O2 ➔ 4CO2 + 5H2O | E.g

Answer 25

double everything | Now everything is balanced with a whole number of molecules!

Question 26

What is an Isomers?

Answer 26

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but different structural formulas, this means they are made of the same atoms, but the atoms are arranged differently.

Question 27

Organic chemistry is about molecules that contain which element?

Answer 27

Carbon

Question 28

How do you tell if a molecule is a hydrocarbon

Answer 28

It only contains Hydrogen and Carbon

Question 29

Are alkanes homologous

Answer 29

Yes, Alkanes are a homologous series of molecules

Question 30

What are alkanes made of

Answer 30

- Only carbon and hydrogen atoms. - Only single bonds (alkanes have no double bonds).

Question 31

# pre fixes for homologous serise one carbon

Answer 31

Meth-

Question 32

# pre fixes for homologous serise two carbons

Answer 32

Eth-

Question 33

# pre fixes for homologous serise three carbons

Answer 33

Prop-

Question 34

# pre fixes for homologous serise four carbons

Answer 34

But-

Question 35

# pre fixes for homologous serise five carbons

Answer 35

Pent-

Question 36

# pre fixes for homologous serise six carbons

Answer 36

Hex-

Question 37

# pre fixes for homologous serise seven carbons

Answer 37

Hept-

Question 38

# pre fixes for homologous serise eight carbons

Answer 38

Oct-

Question 39

# pre fixes for homologous serise nine carbons

Answer 39

Non-

Question 40

# pre fixes for homologous serise Ten carbons

Answer 40

Dec-

Question 41

How many hydrogen atoms are there in an alkane with 5 carbon atoms?

Answer 41

12 Hydrodens | (5 x 2)+2

Question 42

What bonds are in alkanes

Answer 42

Only single convlent

Question 43

Properties of short alkane chains

Answer 43

- lower melting and boiling points - more volite - more flammable

Question 44

What is the reacant of cracking

Answer 44

Longer hydrocarbons

Question 45

What is cracking

Answer 45

Cracking is the process in which larger chain hydrocarbons are split into smaller chains

Question 46

Why is cracking helpful

Answer 46

longer and less reactive chains are split into smaller, more useful hydrocarbons.

Question 47

What type of reaction is cracking?

Answer 47

Thermal decomposition

Question 48

Describe the process of cracking

Answer 48

- First, some long chain alkanes are heated until they vaporise into a gas - Then they're passed over a hot catalyst - This breaks the long chain alkanes into a shorter chain alkane and an alkene

Question 49

What are the products of Cracking

Answer 49

A shorter alkane and a alkene

Question 50

What is the diffent in steam cracking from catalytic cracking

Answer 50

No catylist is involved so the the tempuratures are much higher

Question 51

What is the product of the haber process

Answer 51

Ammonia (NH3)

Question 52

What are the reactants of the haber process

Answer 52

Nitrogen and Hydrogen

Question 53

Word equation of the haber process

Answer 53

nitrogen + hydrogen ➔ ammonia

Question 54

What is the balanced symbol equation for the haber process

Answer 54

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

Question 55

Is the Haber process an exothermic or endothermic reaction?

Answer 55

Exothermix

Question 56

Why is ammonia so important?

Answer 56

It is used in fertilisers

Question 57

Ammonia formula

Answer 57

NH3

Question 58

What metal acts as a catylist in the haber process

Answer 58

Iron

Question 59

What does the '⇌' symbol mean in a chemical equation?

Answer 59

The reaction is reversable

Question 60

What tempurature is used in the haber process

Answer 60

450°C

Question 61

What pressure is used in the haber proccess | atomsphere

Answer 61

200 atmospheres

Question 62

What are the steps of the haber process

Answer 62

- Pass Hydrogen and Nitrogen Gases over iron (at 450degrees and 200 atmospheres) - Some of the reactants will from ammoium and some of the ammioum will revert back to the reactants - The remaining ammionia is cooled to a liquid then collected - The left over reactants are recyled in the process

Question 63

What are the differences between the lab and industrial process for the haber process

Answer 63

The lab process: - aqeous solution and tirtration equipment used - Batch process ( exact amounts made) Industrial process - Gases and iron catylst used - Continuos process

Question 64

What is a feritlizer

Answer 64

A substance that is applied to soil, in order to supply plants with nutrients.

Question 65

What is a histroical fertiilzer

Answer 65

Cow poo

Question 66

What is NPK fertilisers

Answer 66

Nitrogen Phosphours and Potassium ferilizers

Question 67

What is the formula for sulfuric acid

Answer 67

H2SO4(aq

Question 68

What are the raw materials required to make sulfuric acid

Answer 68

- Sulfur - Air - Water

Question 69

What uses does sulfuric acid have?

Answer 69

- Mainly ferilizers - Detergent - Paints/ dyes - Plastics

Question 70

How is sulfuric acid used in fertilizers

Answer 70

Its reacted with ammonium to make ammonium sulfate Ammonium + sulfuric acid → ammonium sulfate

Question 71

What is the contact process

Answer 71

A process which involves a reversible reaction close reversible reaction.

Question 72

What is the first stage of creating sulfuric acid

Answer 72

Sulfur is burned in the air to produce sulfur dioxide Sulfur + Oxygen →Sulfur dioxide This reaction is not reversable

Question 73

What are the dangers of sulfur dioxide

Answer 73

It cannot be realsed into the atmosphere because it can cause acid rain.

Question 74

What is the second stage of making sulfuric acid

Answer 74

Sulfur dioxide is reacted with more oxygen to produce sulfur trioxide sulfur dioxide + oxygen ⇌ sulfur trioxide The reaction is reversable and the forward reaction is exothermic

Question 75

What conditions are used when making sulfur trioxide in the production of sulfuric acid

Answer 75

- a catalyst of vanadium(V) oxide - a temperature of around 450°C - a pressure of approximately 2 atmospheres

Question 76

What are the dangers of producing sulfur trioxide

Answer 76

- If the pressure is to high an explotion can occour so the pressure is kept at 2 atmospheres

Question 77

What happens in the second stage of the production of sulfuric acid

Answer 77

Sulfur trioxide is reacted with water to make sulfruic acid sulfur trioxide + water → sulfuric acid This is not a reversible reaction, just like the first stage and sulfuric acid is in an aqeuos.

Question 78

What are the dangerous of adding water to sulfur trioxide

Answer 78

- Its highly exothermic - Sulfuric acid clouds can form

Question 79

What are the characteristics of products that come out of the top in fractional distilation

Answer 79

- short carbon chains - low viscosity - low boiling poing - burn easliy

Question 80

What are the characteristics of products that come out of the bottom in fractional distilation

Answer 80

- Long carbon chains - High viscosity - High boiling point - Harder to burn

Question 81

What comes out the bottom in fractional distillation

Answer 81

Bitumen - comes out in liquid form

Question 82

Why do short carbon chains come out of the top in fractional distillation

Answer 82

They have less intermolecular forces inbetween chains so they are easier to separate

Question 83

Why do long carbon chains come out of the bottom in fractional distillation

Answer 83

They have more intermolecular forces inbetween chains so they are harder to separate