C6 - Global Challenges Flashcards

Question

What is the functional group for alcohols?

Answer 1

Ethanol + Sodium --\> Sodium Ethoxide + Hydrogen 2C₂H₅OH + 2Na --\> 2C₂H₅ONa + H₂

Answer 2

_Complete:_ ethanol + oxygen ---\> carbon dioxide + water 2C₂H₅OH + 6O₂ ---\> 4CO₂ + 6H₂O _Incomplete:_ ethanol + oxygen ---\> carbon monoxide + water C₂H₅OH + 2O₂ ---\> 2CO + 3H₂O

Answer 3

* Bubbles * White solid formed if fully evaporated * Slow, less vigorous reaction

Answer 4

They oxidise to a type of molecule called a carboxylic acid. This is accompanied by a colour change.

Answer 5

They are formed when an alcohol oxidises to produce water and a carboxylic acid e.g. Ethanol + oxidising agent ----\> Ethanoic acid + water C₂H₅OH + 2[O] ---\> CH₃COOH + 2H₂O

Answer 6

C_nH_2nO₂

Answer 7

The oil is heated until most of it has turned into gas. The gases enter a fractionating column, (the liquid parts, bitumen, are drained off) In the column, there is a temperature gradient (it is hot at the bottom and gets gradually cooler) The longer hydrocarbons have higher boiling points. They turn back into liquids and drain out of the column early on, when they are near the bottom. The shorter hydrocarbons have lower boiling points. They turn to liquid and drain out much later on, near the top. Finally, the crude oil mixture is separated out into different fractions. Each fraction contains a mixture of hydrocarbons, mostly alkanes, with similar boiling points.

Answer 8

Esters are made by reacting alcohols with carboxylic acids in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst

Answer 9

1. Remove OH from the acid 2. Remove H from alcohol 3. Join remaining pieces together

Answer 10

1. Remove double bond 2. Extend bonds either side 3. Add brackets 4. Write 'n' outside the brackets

Answer 11

**_Addition:_** 1 monomer always 1 functional group No bi-products **_Condensation:_** 1 or 2 monomers 2 functional groups Usually water formed

Answer 12

It is when alkenes are reacted with hydrogen. The hydrogen reacts with the double-bonded carbons and adds across the double bonds.

Answer 13

1. They have two halves 2. One half of the cell is losing electrons - oxidation 3. The other half is gaining electrons - reduction 4. The electrons flow from the first half to the second half, producing a current 5. This continues until the reactants are used up

Answer 14

A fuel cell produces electrical energy efficiently from an exothermic reaction

Answer 15

Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells use hydrogen as their fuel. 1. When oxygen or air are supplied, the hydrogen and oxygen react together to produce water - 2H₂+ O₂-\> 2H₂O 2. The energy released in the reaction is used to produce a potential difference 3. This causes current to flow when the fuel cell is connected in a circuit

Answer 16

Hydrogen molecules lose electrons at the anode and become hydrogen ions: H₂ --\> 2H⁺+ 2e^-

Answer 17

When hydrogen ions reach the cathode, they combine with oxygen and electrons from the electrical circuit. 4H⁺+ O₂ + 4e^---\> 2H₂O

Answer 18

* High efficiency * Theoretically zero emission * No harmful waste products * Uses renewable sources of energy * Lightweight and compact * No moving parts

Answer 19

* Often uses poisonous catalysts * The method used to produce the hydrogen for the fuel cells uses fossil fuels which produce pollutants

Answer 20

Ammonia is an important raw material in making fertilisers

Answer 21

* Nitrogen * Phosphorous * Potassium

Answer 22

Poor growth, discoloured leaves

Answer 23

They need to be in a water-soluble form (i.e. ions)

Answer 24

NO₃^- - provides nitrogen NH₄⁺ - provides nitrogen PO₄^3- - provides phosphorus K⁺ - provides potassium

Answer 25

Fertlisers are substances that replace the elements used by plants as they grow

Answer 26

Most fertilisers are made by reacting ammonia, which is a base, with an acid, to make a salt which contains at least one of the essential elements. e.g. Ammonia + Sulfuric acid --\> Ammonium Sulfate

Answer 27

Air, natural gas, steam

Answer 28

200 atmospheres

Answer 29

An Iron catalyst

Answer 30

Ammonia - NH₃

Answer 31

Sulfur, air, water

Answer 32

2 atmospheres

Answer 33

Vanadium Oxide catalyst

Answer 34

Sulfuric acid

Answer 35

A low pressure is used as the equilibrium position is already pushed to the right. There is no need for a high pressure, since 2 atmospheres is just enough to push the gases through the converter.

Answer 36

N₂ + 3H₂ ⇔ 2NH₃

Answer 37

The Haber Process is used to manufacture ammonia from hydrogen and nitrogen. Ammonia is an important raw material in making fertilisers

Answer 38

Nitrogen is produced by the fractional distillation of liquefied air

Answer 39

Hydrogen is manufactured by reacting natural gas (methane) with steam

Answer 40

Sulfur + Oxygen --\> Sulfur dioxide S + O₂ --\> SO₂

Answer 41

Sulfur dioxide + Oxygen ⇔ Sulfur trioxide 2SO₂+ O₂ ⇔ 2SO₃

Answer 42

Sulfur trioxide + Water --\> Sulfuric acid SO₃ + H₂O --\> H₂SO₄

Answer 43

A series of operations which are carried out over a period of time

Answer 44

A process in which the product comes out without interruptions and not in groups

Answer 45

An ore is a rock or a mineral that contains enough metal to make it economical to extract the metal

Answer 46

Copper is extracted from copper(II) sulfide

Answer 47

It is extracted from copper (II) sulfide in two stages: Stage 1 - Copper (II) sulfide is heated in air to produce copper oxide and sulfur dioxide Stage 2 - Copper (II) oxide is heated with carbon to form copper and carbon dioxide

Answer 48

2CuS + 3O₂ --\> 2CuO + 2SO₂

Answer 49

2CuO + C --\> 2Cu + CO₂

Answer 50

Iron is extracted from its ore using a blast furnace

Answer 51

Iron ore Coke (carbon) Limestone

Answer 52

The coke burns: C + O₂ --\> CO₂

Answer 53

The limestone thermally decomposes: CaCO₃ --\> CaO + CO₂

Answer 54

The carbon dioxide reacts with more coke: CO₂+ C --\> 2CO

Answer 55

To make it into a better reducing agent

Answer 56

The carbon monoxide reduces the iron ore to iron metal: Fe₂O₃ + 3CO --\> 2Fe + 3CO₂

Answer 57

The calcium oxide combines with the impurities to form the liquid slag: CaO + SiO₂ --\> CaSiO₃

Answer 58

It cannot be extracted like iron or copper as it is more reactive than carbon

Answer 59

Through electrolysis

Answer 60

Electrolysis only works if the compound is in solution or if it is molten - however aluminium oxide does not dissolve in water and its melting point is very high.

Answer 61

First, it must be dissolved in molten cryolite which has a much lower melting point of 950ºC. The molten mixture is contains in a large electrolysis cell made from steel lined with graphite. During the process: * Aluminium is produced at the cathode * Oxygen is produced at the anodes

Answer 62

The graphite lining

Answer 63

A series of large graphite blocks

Answer 64

2Al₂O₃--\> 4Al + 3O₂

Answer 65

Al³⁺ + 3e^- --\> Al

Answer 66

2O^2- --\> O₂ + 4e^-

Answer 67

An ore that contains many metal ions

Answer 68

An ore that contains very little metal ions

Answer 69

Bioleaching is a method of extraction using bacteria. The bacteria break the bonds between the copper and sulfide ions. Once broken, copper atoms are formed.

Answer 70

The benefits of bioleaching is that it is cheaper than traditional mining and processing. It also allows metals to be extracted from ores that contain too little metals. It also does not release harmful sulfur dioxide into the atmosphere

Answer 71

It is much slower than traditional methods. Toxic substances are sometimes produced which need to be treated carefully.

Answer 72

It is the process of plants taking up metal ions from the soil, and then being burnt in order to retrieve the metal compounds

Answer 73

Some plants take up copper metals from the soil. Once the copper has been taken up and stored by the plant, it is burnt. Once burned, copper oxide is left. This is impure so it is electrolysed in order to form pure copper

Answer 74

It is cheaper than traditional mining and processing. It produces less waste and involves smaller energy transfers It is also closer to being a carbon-neutral activity that can contribute to sustainable development

Answer 75

It is quite slow. Crops may need replanting and harvesting for several years before the available metal is removed from the soil.

Answer 76

An alloy is a mixture of two or more elements, at least one of which is a metal

Answer 77

Mainly iron as well as smaller amounts of other metals and carbon

Answer 78

Aluminium and copper

Answer 79

Tin and copper

Answer 80

Copper and zinc

Answer 81

Copper and tin

Answer 82

Buildings, bridges, cars

Answer 83

Aircraft parts

Answer 84

Joining electrical components and copper pipes

Answer 85

Musical instruments and coins

Answer 86

Bells, propellers for ships

Answer 87

High tensile strength, hard, tough, durable, resistant to corrosion

Answer 88

Strong, light-weight, malleable, good conductor of heat and electricity

Answer 89

Ductile, good conductor of heat and electricity

Answer 90

Low-friction, malleable

Answer 91

High resistance to corrosion, brittle, high melting point

Answer 92

Corrosion is the reaction of a metal with substances in its surroundings. E.g. oxygen and water

Answer 93

Rust is a specific type of corrosion which only happens to iron. It is a redox reaction

Answer 94

Iron + Oxygen + Water --\> Hydrated Iron (III) Oxide 4Fe + 3O₂ + 2H₂O --\> 2Fe₂O₃•H₂O

Answer 95

* Painting * Coating with oil, grease or plastic * Plating with zinc (galvanising) * Plating with tin

Answer 96

Iron is dipped in molten zinc to coat the iron. It acts as a physical barrier between the iron and the air. Since zinc is more reactive than iron, it will sacrifice itself to protect the iron if damaged.

Answer 97

When a more reactive metal is used as plating and thus sacrifices itself if there is damage.

Answer 98

It is coated by electroplating. It acts as a physical barrier between the iron and the air Since it is less reactive, the iron will react first if the tin is damaged.

Answer 99

The ability to withstand a force/load

Answer 100

The ability to resist scratching/denting

Answer 101

The ability to function correctly whilst lasting a long time

Answer 102

When an object shatters when enough force is applied

Answer 103

How much you can bend an object when a force is applied

Answer 104

How much you can hammer an object into shape without it breaking

Answer 105

How well an object can resist a force when being squashed

Answer 106

How well an object can resist a force when being stretched

Answer 107

How much mass is in a given volume

Answer 108

An object with low density

Answer 109

A composite material is 2 or more materials combined of which each has different properties

Answer 110

Fibreglass Carbon Fibre Reinforced concrete

Answer 111

Made from glass/carbon fibres and resin Resin is durable but not strong Fibres have low density and a high tensile strength Thus fibreglass/carbon fibre is lightweight, strong and hard

Answer 112

Made from steel bars and concrete Concrete has a high compressive strength Steel has a high tensile strength

Answer 113

A 'cradle to grave' assessment of the impact of making, using and disposing of a manufactured product

Answer 114

Sustainability Enironmental impact Life span of the product Recycling possibility

Answer 115

Lower costs when recycling Prevents it going to landfill Some materials have a finite source

Answer 116

Is it low cost? Does it use a lot of energy? Is it at a high quality once recycled? How limited are the raw materials? How difficult is it to sort before recycling?

Answer 117

Collecting and transporting the used metals to a recycling centre Breaking up and sorting the different metals Removing impurities from the metals They are then melted by heating and the molten metal is poured into moulds to produce new blocks called ingots

Answer 118

Paper is mixed with water, cleaned, and then rolled and heated to make new paper

Answer 119

Glass is melted by heating and moulded into new glass objects

Answer 120

Open-loop recycling Closed-loop recycling

Answer 121

Nitrogen - 78% Oxygen - 21% Argon - 0.9%

Answer 122

It is likely it was formed from substances released by volcanoes During the early years, there was a great deal of volcanic activity. They released huge volumes of water vapour and carbon dioxide. The water vapour condensed to form oceans, leaving an atmosphere of mostly carbon dioxide

Answer 123

Plants and algae had grown and they make their own food through photosynthesis. They absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and release oxygen.

Answer 124

Greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane absorb infrared radiation radiated by the Earth's surface, then emit it in all directions

Answer 125

1. Energy transferred by radiation from the Sun reaches the Earth's surface 2. The radiation warms up the Earth's surface 3. Infrared radiation is emitted by the Earth's surface. Some goes directly into space. Some is absorbed by greenhouse gas molecules in the atmosphere 4. Greenhouse gas molecules emit infrared radiation in all directions, warming the Earth's surface and atmosphere

Answer 126

The release of additional greenhouse gases by human activities has the potential to cause an enhanced greenhouse effect, increasing the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere.

Answer 127

By: * Reducing the consumption of fossil fuels, for example by using biofuels * Using renewable energy sources such as wind and solar energy to generate electricity * Stopping carbon dioxide escaping when fuels are used by using carbon capture

Answer 128

Substances released into the environment which may harm living things

Answer 129

From the incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels

Answer 130

From the incomplete combustion of carbon based fuels

Answer 131

Normally the main gases in air, nitrogen and oxygen, do not react. However they do react at high temperatures in vehicle engines forming nitrogen monoxide, which is oxidised in air to form nitrogen dioxide. Nitrogen dioxide dissolves in the moisture in clouds, forming an acidic solution, which eventually falls as acid rain.

Answer 132

By using alternatives to fossil fuels

Answer 133

By using alternatives to fossil fuels

Answer 134

Power stations can use scrubbers which cleans the gases passing through the smokestack.

Answer 135

Catalytic converters in cars turn nitrogen monoxide into nitrogen

Answer 136

Nitrogen monoxide and nitrogen dioxide

Answer 137

Water which is safe to drink

Answer 138

Must have a low level of dissolved substances Must have a pH between 6.5-8.5 No microorganisms

Answer 139

Fresh water - groundwater, surface water Salt water - seawater Waste water - sewage water

Answer 140

There are three stages in filtering fresh water: * Filtration * Sedimentation * Sterilisation Firstly, a coarse filter is used to remove any large objects. Then, it gets passed onto the next tank where the waste sits onto the floor (sedimentation) Next, a fine filter is used to remove any fine grains. Finally, chlorine is added to sterilise the water where it is then stored in a tank.

Answer 141

Waste water treatment is very similar to fresh water treatment except bacteria are used. Firstly, a coarse filter is used to remove any large objects. Then, it gets passed onto the next tank where the waste sits onto the floor (sedimentation). The sludge left on the floor is sent to tanks to be decomposed by anaerobic bacteria Next, a fine filter is used to remove any fine grains. Aerobic bacteria are used to remove any organic waste. Finally, chlorine is added to sterilise the water where it is then stored in a tank.

Answer 142

Reverse osmosis Distillation

Answer 143

The mixture is heated until the water evaporates out the tank. It then passes through a large condensation tube where it condenses into pure water.

Answer 144

Pressure is applied to salt water where it then passes through a partially permeable membrane where only water molecules can pass through. Filtered water remains.

C6 - Global Challenges Flashcards

(189 cards)