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A Level Edexcel Chemistry > C6 Organic Chem 1 > Flashcards

C6 Organic Chem 1 Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

What does a curly arrow in a mechanism represent

A

movement of a pair of electrons

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2
Q

What are nucleophiles

A

electron pair donors
attracted to positive charge
often have a lone pair
electron rich

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3
Q

What are electrophiles

A

electron pair acceptors
attracted to negative charge

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4
Q

What are radicals

A

a species with an unpaired electron so tend to be very reactive

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5
Q

What is an isomer

A

2 molecules with the same molecular formula but different arrangement

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6
Q

What are positional isomers

A

Position of a function group changes along the carbon chain

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7
Q

What are functional group isomers

A

Functional group changes but same atoms

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8
Q

What are alkanes

A

saturated hydrocarbons

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9
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

Bond breaks unevenly so one of the bonded atoms receive both the electrons

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10
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

Bond breaks evenly creating 2 electrically uncharged radicals

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11
Q

Alkane -> Haloalkane
X2

A

X2
UV light
Free Radical Substitution

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12
Q

Initiation reaction of Free Radical Substitution

A

Cl2 -> Cl. + Cl.

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13
Q

Propagation reaction of Free Radical Substitution

A

CH4 + Cl. -> CH3. + HCl
CH3. + Cl2 -> CH3Cl + Cl.

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14
Q

Termination reaction of Free Radical Substitution

A

Cl. + Cl. -> Cl2
CH3. + Cl. -> CH3Cl
CH3. + CH3. -> C2H6

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15
Q

Issue with Free Radical Substitution

A

You obtain a mixture of products as well as different structural isomers.
To reduce this, we can increase the volume of 1 substance. idk common sense ig

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16
Q

Another word for crude oil

A

Petroleum

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17
Q

What is petroleum

A

A mixture of hydrocarbons

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18
Q

How does fractional distillation work

A

Crude oil is vaporised
Vaporised crude oil enters the fractionating column and rises up.
Largest hydrocarbons don’t vaporise and run to the bottom to form residue-bitumen
Diff chained hydrocarbons are condensed into different fractions

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19
Q

Which point of the fractionating column is the hottest

A

Bottom

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20
Q

What is the main concept of cracking

A

Breaking long-chained alkanes into smaller hydrocarbons which are more useful and more in demand by breaking C-C bonds

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21
Q

Thermal Cracking

A

High temp 1000, high pressure 70 atm
Produces lots of alkenes
Used to make valuable products e.g. polymers

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22
Q

Catalytic Cracking

A

Zeolite catalyst
Slight pressure and highish temp
Produces lots of aromatic hydrocarbons

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23
Q

Reforming

A

Converting straight-chained alkanes into branched alkanes and cyclic hydrocarbons

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24
Q

Combustion of alkanes apparently only occurs in _____ state

A

gaseous

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25
Is combustion exo or endo
exo as it releases heat
26
Examples of pollutants from burning fossil fuels
Carbon Monoxide Carbon particulates Unburnt hydrocarbons Oxides of sulfur Oxides of nitrogen
27
Why is carbon monoxide so toxic
It is better at binding to haemoglobin than oxygen So can lead to oxygen deprivation
28
Dangers of sulfur oxides and how it is formed
When sulfur impurities are burned, it produces sulfur dioxide which dissolves in the moisture of the atmosphere and is converted to sulfuric acid - contributing to acid rain
29
Dangers of nitrous oxides
They are produced when the high pressure and temp in a car engine cause nitrogen and oxygen in the air to react tgt These nitrous oxides may escape into the atmosphere and dissolves in the moisture and converted to nitric acid and fall as acid rain
30
What are catalytic converters
Sit in car exhaust and convert harmful products of combustion into less harmful products using a platinum catalyst
31
Fossil Fuels
non renewable not sustainable
32
What are alkenes
Unsaturated hydrocarbons
33
Why are sigma bonds stronger than pi bonds
Sigma bonds overlap sideways, whilst pi bonds overlap poorly because the p orbitals are parallel. Therefore, sigma bonds have a higher electron density so stronger forces of attraction so stronger and higher bond enthalpy
34
What causes stereoisomers to form
Restricted rotation around the double carbon to carbon bond Also when the 2 double bonded carbons have2 different atoms attached to each of them
35
What are steroisomers
Molecules with the same structural formula but different arrangement in space
36
E isomer
DIFF
37
Z isomer
SAME
38
Trans isomer
DIFF
39
Cis isomer
SAME
40
E/Z is used when
there are four different groups, so we have to give priority to the groups
41
Cis/Trans is used when
the 2 groups on each carbon share 1 of the same group
42
Alkene to Alkane
H2 Nickel catalyst 150 degrees celsius Electrophilic addition
43
Alkene to Haloalkane
X2/ HX Electrophilic addition
44
Test for alkenes
Add bromine water and it decoloourises
45
Alkene to Alcohol
Steam High temp high pressure ( 300 degrees celsius and 70atm ) Phosphoric (V) Acid catalyst H3PO4 Electrophilic addition
46
Alkenes to Diol
KMnO4 Purple decolourises Oxidation
47
Major product of electrophilic addition
Secondary halogenoalkane
48
Why is the secondary haloalkane the major product of EA
The secondary carbocation intermediate that it forms is more stable than a primary one as it has more alkyl groups, which are electron-releasing so increases the
49
What can happen to waste plastics
Buried Reused Burned
50
Halolalkanes to Alcohol simple one
Water Nucleophilic substiution
51
Experiment for comparing the reactivities of haloalkanes
Add Silver Nitrate with nitric acid and ethanol as a solvent Cl - white Br - cream I - yellow
52
Which haloalkane reacts the fastest
As you go down group 7: the atomic radius increases. Therefore electrostatic attraction between C and halogen decreases. So C-X bond gets weaker So faster r.o.r
53
Which type of halolalkane reacts the fastest
tertiary > secondary > primary Tertiary undergoes SN1 reaction which is faster due to the stability of the carbocation
54
Haloalkanes to Alcohol
KOH in aqueous conditions Heat under reflux Nucleophilic substitution
55
Haloalkanes to Nitrile
KCN in HCN Ethanol Heat under reflux Nucleophilic substitution
56
Haloalkane to amine
Concentrated ethanolic ammonia in a sealed tube under high temperature and pressure Nucleophilic substitution
57
Haloalkane to Alkene
KOH Ethanol Heat under reflux Elimination
58
R-OH + PCl5
RCl + POCl3 + HCL
59
Alcohol to haloalkane
HX RTP Nucleophilic substitution
60
3ROH + PI3
3RI + H3PO3
61
Alcohol to alkene
H3PO4/ acid catalyst Heat Elimination
62
What is the only way for tertiary alcohols to be oxidised
Combustion
63
Primary alcohol to Aldehyde
H2SO4 K2CR2O7 Distillation Oxidation
64
Primary alcohol/aldehyde to carboxylic acid
H2SO4 K2CR2O7 Heat under Reflux
65
Secondary alcohol to ketone
H2SO4 K2CR2O7 Heat under Reflux
66
Why can't tertiary alcohols be oxidised
they lack a hydrogen atom on the carbon bonded to the -OH group
67
In organic reactions, substances are usually...
Flammable and volatile. So they can catch fire when heated and evaporate before they have time to react
68
Why is reflux a good option for organic reactions
It continuously boils, evaporates and condenses the vapours and recycles them back in the flask so the reaction can come to completion
69
What does distillation do
Separates substances with diff boiling points
70
How do we remove traces of water in a mixture
Add anhydrous salt like CaCl2 - drying agent then filter it to remove the solid of the drying agent

A Level Edexcel Chemistry (3 decks)

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