C7 - Organic Chemistry Flashcards
(121 cards)
1
Q
What are hydrocarbons
A
Structures made from carbon and oxygen
2
Q
What is crude oil
A
A finite resource found in rocks and made from plankton that has been buried for millions of years
3
Q
___ die and undergo high ___ and ____ to make fossil fuels
A
Plankton
Heat
Pressure
4
Q
How many covalent bonds (single lines) should each carbon have in total?
A
4
5
Q
What is the maximum number of bonds hydrogen can have?
A
1
6
Q
Each line in displayed formula represents ——
A
A single covalent bond
7
Q
Give the first 6 alkanes
A
Methane ethane propane butane pentane hexane
8
Q
Crude oil is a mix of __and ___ chain hydrocarbons
A
Long and short
9
Q
Crude enters the ___ column as a ____
A
Fractionating
Gas
10
Q
Heat rises so gases ___ up the fractionating column.
When they reach their ____ points they ____
A
Rise
Boiling
Condense
11
Q
__-chain hydrocarbons condense at the bottom of the cylinder as they have the ___ boiling points
A
Long
Highest
12
Q
Longest chain hydrocarbons are siphoned off at around ___ degrees
A
340
13
Q
Shorter chain hydrocarbons condense at around ____ degrees
A
40
14
Q
Heavy fuel oil condenses at around __- degrees
A
260
15
Q
Heavy fuel oil is very ___
A
Viscous
16
Q
Diesel condenses at around __- degrees
A
180
17
Q
Kerosene condenses at around ___ degrees
A
110
18
Q
Petrol condenses at around __- degrees
A
40
19
Q
Petrol is very ___
A
Runny
20
Q
There is a temperature ___ in the fractionating column
A
Gradient
21
Q
A temperature gradient means the fractionating column is ___ at the top and ___ at the bottom
A
Cooler
Hotter
22
Q
The shortest chain hydrocarbons are released as ___ products called ____ gas through the ___ of the column
A
Waste
Refinery
Top
23
Q
Give 3 properties of long chain hydrocarbons
A
Low flammability
High boiling point
High viscosity
24
Q
Give 3 properties of short chain hydrocarbons
A
Low viscosity \
Low boiling point
High flammability
25
Short chains are more/less useful than long chains
More
26
What are alkanes
Hydrocarbons with only single bonds
27
Alkanes are ___ hydrocarbons
Saturated
28
What does a saturated molecule mean?
It only contains single covalent bond ( a saturated hydrocarbon has the maximum number of hydrogens possible
29
What is the general formula of an alkane
Cn H2n + 2
30
How many carbons does methane have? Ethane? Propane?butane?pentane?hexane?
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6,
31
What happens to the boiling points of methane -> hexane?
Increased
As longer chain hydrocarbons have more intermolecular forces of attraction which require more energy to overcome
32
What are Alkenes
Hydrocarbons with one double covalent bond (rest single covalent bonds)
33
General formula of an alkene
CnH2n
34
Name the first 5 Alkenes (there is no methene as there needs to be a double bond in an alkene)
Ethene
Propene
Butene
Pentene
Hexene
35
True or false: Alkenes are usually burnt as fuels
False
36
Why aren’t alkenes usually burnt as fuels?
They release less energy
Tend to burn with smoky flames (as more prone to incomplete combustion)
More useful for other things
37
True or false: alkenes are usually burnt as fuels
False
38
Due to the double bond alkenes are more __ rich
Electron
39
Which is more reactive - alkenes or alkanes?
Alkenes
40
Give one type of reaction alkenes can undergo
Addition reactions
41
What happens in an addition reaction?
C=C bond is broken and other atoms are added instead of
42
Give 3 things that destroy the C=C (create an addition reaction)
Halogens
Hydrogen
Water
43
Why does the bromine test work for alkenes?
The Alkene undergoes an addition reaction with bromine (as it is a halogen - in group 7)
44
What facilitates a reaction between hydrogen and an alkene
A nickel catalyst
45
What facilitates a reaction between alkenes and water
A phosphoric acid catalyst
46
What is the formula for phosphoric acid
H3PO4
47
Where should you write a catalyst in a reaction equation
Above the arrow - as it’s not used up during the reaction
48
When hydrocarbons undergo complete combustion what is produced?
CO2 and water (as normal)
49
Combustion of hydrocarbons releases allot of ___
Energy
50
When hydrogens don’t have enough oxygen to fully react what 2 possible things coil be produced alongside water
Carbon monoxide
Carbon
51
What are carbon particulates
Soot
52
What is carbon monoxide
A toxic gas
53
What is the positive test for alkenes
Bromine water goes from orange to colourless as an addition reaction occurs
54
What is a test for alkane and the result
Bromine water - stays orange as no reaction
55
What is an alcohol?
A hydrocarbon with an OH functional group
56
What is the basic structure of alcohol?
Alkane + OH group
57
How do you make alcohol?
Allene + water —-phosphoric acid catalyst—> alcohol
Fermentation ->alcohol
58
Give 3 uses of alcohols
Ethanol in alcoholic drinks
Burnt as fuels
Solvents - easily mix with water/perfumes
59
Give the homologous series
Methanol
Ethanol
Propanol
Butanol
Pentanol
Hexanol
60
The OH function group makes alcohols what
Reactive
61
How does fermentation produce alcohol?
Glucose -> ethanol + CO2
62
Give 4 conditions necessary for fermentation of glucose to take place
Anaerobic
Warm temperature (30-40 degrees)
Yeast
Aqueous (water presence)
63
Give 2 ways of forming alcohols (just the first initial ingredient)
Plants/sugar
Crude oil
64
How are plants used to make alcohols
Plants
Sugar
Solution of sugar in water
Fermentation
Creates mixture of ethanol and water
65
How is crude oil used to make alcohol?
Crude oil then alkanes extracted from them, alkanes undergo cracking, forming ethene, then undergo steam hydration, creating ethanol
66
Give a 3 mark answer to how does fermentation work
Fermentation Produces ethanol from glucose dissolved in water and mixed with yeast
67
Alcohol + metal (or possibly just sodium??) = what
Salt + hydrogen
68
Ethanol + sodium = what?
Sodium ethoxide + hydrogen
69
A reaction of alcohol + metal creates gas ___and an organic ____
Bubbles
Salt
70
What is the formula of methanol
CH3OH
71
The organic salt produced as a result of alcohol and metal reaction is solid or liquid?
Liquid
72
What are products of reaction between sodium and butanol (give formulas)
Sodium butoxide + hydrogen
2C4H9OH + H2
73
How do you work out the chemical formula of alcohols?
CnH(2n+1)OH
(Could draw it out to check)
It’s basically the same as an alkane with an extra oxygen
74
How do you draw the displayed formula of sodium ethoxide?
2 carbons saturated with hydrogens
One of those carbons bonded to O-Na+ ionic bonded substance (see mindmap)
75
Reaction with sodium allows you to tell whether ____ is present
An alcohol
76
How do you test for alcohols
Reaction with sodium - positive result is a gas and salt is produced
77
What is a diol?
An alcohol with 2 OH groups
78
What is cracking?
Breaking down longer chain hydrocarbons to shorter ones
79
Why is cracking done?
Shorter chain hydrocarbons are more useful
80
Give the 2 types of cracking
Catalytic
Thermal
81
How does catalytic cracking work?
Vaporising long chains with catalysts =
Long chains passing over a hot catalyst causes them to break down to shorter molecules
82
Give 2 conditions for catalytic cracking
High temperature + catalyst
83
What is the basic idea of thermal cracking
High temperature vaporisation
84
How does thermal cracking work?
High temperature vaporisation AND MIXING WITH STEAM breaks it down
85
What 2 things can cracking produce
Short chain alkanes
Alkenes
86
What are polymers
Long chained molecules made up of repeating units (called monomers)
87
What is polymerisation
Making monomers into polymers
Formation of long chain molecules from the joining of smaller molecules
88
What is addition polymerisation?
Using a double bond monomer to make a polymer
89
How do you name polymers formed by addition polymerisation?
Poly(monomer)
Eg poly(ethene)
90
Addition polymerisation always uses what type of monomer?
A double bond monomer
91
What happens in addition polymerisation?
Double bond breaks to free electrons for bonding to make a polymer
92
REMEMBER ONLY BREAK THE DOUBLE BOND IN ADDITION POLYMERISATION
93
What is the monomer of DNA
Nucleotides
94
What is the monomer of cellulose
Glucose
95
What is the monomer of starch
Glucose
96
What are the monomers of proteins
Amino acids
97
What is condensation polymerisation
2 different monomers are combined to make a polymer
98
What is the byproduct of condensation polymerisation
Small molecule such as water (mostly water)
99
What is the functional group of an amine
CH3
100
When an alcohol and carboxylic acid monomer are combined in condensation polymerisation what is the byproduct?
Water
101
What does carboxylic acid monomer + amine monomer in addition polymerisation make?
Amino acid
102
True or false: amines cannot perform condensation polymerisation with themselves
False - they can perform condensation polymerisation with themselves
103
How many naturally occurring amino acids are there?
20
104
What do 2 amino acids combined form
A dipeptide
105
What does a dicarboxylic acid + a diamine form
A polyamide
106
How do you work out what molecules are lost in condensation polymerisation?
It’s water molecule lost
107
How do you make carboxylic acid?
Alcohols react with oxygen
108
What is the functional group of a carboxlyic acid?
COOH
109
What is the type of a reaction that produces a carboxylic acid?
Oxidation reaction (as gaining of oxygen)
110
Give the first 6 carboxlyic acids
Methanoic acid
Ethanoic acid
Propanoic acid
Butanoic acid
Pentanoic acid
Hexanoic acid
111
What is the COOH bond
Carbon double bond oxygen
With an OH on the same carbon
112
What type of acid is carboxylic acid?
Weak
113
Is the reaction between metal and acid fast or slow?
Slow
114
What happens when a carboxylic acid is reacted with an alcohol?
Ethanoic acid + ethanol ->ethyl ethanoate + water
115
Ethyl ethanoate is a type of what?
Ester
116
Acid + alcohol -> what?
Ester + water
117
What catalyst does an acid and alcohol reaction require?
Sulfuric acid catalyst
118
Draw the displayed formula for ethyl Ethanoate and water reacting
119
How is crude oil turned into alcohol?
Alkanes
Cracking
Allene’s (ethane)
Stream hydration
Ethanol
120
What does decane become after cracking
Octane + ethene
121
What is the dynamic between Jane and Rochester ?
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