C7 organic chemistry

Question 1

what is crude oil made of

Answer 1

ancient remains of biomass, usually plankton

Question 2

what specifically turns the biomass into a liquid

Answer 2

high pressures and temperatures

Question 3

what is a hydrocarbon

Answer 3

molecules made of hydrogen and carbon exclusively

Question 4

what is an alkane

Answer 4

carbon and hydrogen bonded by single bonds

Question 5

what is the alkane formula

Answer 5

CnH2n+2

Question 6

name the first four alkanes

Answer 6

methane, ethane, propane, butane

Question 7

how is crude oil made ‘useful’

Answer 7

by seperating it into fractions which will have a similar number of carbon atoms

Question 8

what is feedstock

Answer 8

raw material used for an industrial process

Question 9

describe the process of fractional distilation

Answer 9

“1- crude oil is heated and evaporated. 2- vapour is passed into fractionating column
3- column is hottest at the bottom and fractions with highest boiling points settle there
4- boiling points decrease as you go up the fractionating column”

Question 10

what are three characterisitics of high boiling point hydrocarbons

Answer 10

larger molecules, high viscosity, low flammability

Question 11

what are the two types of cracking

Answer 11

steam cracking and cataltytic cracking

Question 12

what is a petrochemical

Answer 12

chemicals that use crude oil fractions as feedstock

Question 13

describe catalytic cracking

Answer 13

crude oil is vapourised, heated to 550C, passed over catalyst containing aluminium oxide

Question 14

what is cracking and why is it needed

Answer 14

it is breaking long molecules into smaller molecules, because they’re more in demand

Question 15

what comes as a result of cracking

Answer 15

alkenes

Question 16

why are alkenes more reactive than alkanes

Answer 16

the double bond can break off to join other molecules

Question 17

what is the alkene formula

Answer 17

CnH2n

Question 18

how is an alkene detected

Answer 18

turns bromine water from orange to colourless

Question 19

what is produced during the combustion of a hydrocarbon

Answer 19

carbon dioxide + water

Question 20

in terms of energy, what does fuel do during combustion

Answer 20

It turns chemical energy into thermal energy

Question 21

what is a functional group, and what is alkene’s functional group

Answer 21

the extra bit on from alkenes. c–c

Question 22

what is an addition reaction

Answer 22

reactions in which molecules get larger by bonding with new atoms

Question 23

what is the functional group of an alcohol

Answer 23

-OH

Question 24

how do you calculate the formula of an alcohol

Answer 24

same as its alkene except -1H which is instead added on with the OH

Question 25

how are solutions of ethanol produced

Answer 25

when sugar solutions are fermented with yeast

Question 26

what is produced when an alcohol reacts with an oxidising agent

Answer 26

a carboxylic acid + water

Question 27

what is the fucntional group of a carboxylci acid

Answer 27

COOH

Question 28

what is produced when a carboxylic acid reacts with carbonate

Answer 28

salt, water, co2

Question 29

what occurs when a carboxylic acid reacts with alcohol

Answer 29

an ester + water is produced

Question 30

name an ester

Answer 30

ethyl ethonoate

Question 31

describe addition polymerisation

Answer 31

a series of alkene monomers join by their double bond breaking to form poly(chemical)

Question 32

describe condensation polymerisation

Answer 32

"a dicarboxylic acid and a diol react. This causes water to form and a COO at the interlink. It is then altered to form a repeating unit, therefore another water is formed through 2 H's and one O being chopped"

Question 33

hwo would you represent ethanoic acid

Answer 33

second C has no H bond. double bond with O to the north east and single with O-H

Question 34

state four naturally occurring polymers

Answer 34

DNA. proteins. Starch. Cellulose

Question 35

state the corresponding monomers

Answer 35

nucleotides. Amino acids. Sugar molecules. Sugar molecules.