C8

Question 1

What is the most abundant protein in the body?

Answer 1

albumin

Question 2

What are the rest of proteins (excluding albumin) known as?

Answer 2

globulins

Question 3

What causes an increase in total protein concentration?

Answer 3

Increased synthesis , artefactual stasis and dehydration

Question 4

What causes a decrease in total protein concentration?

Answer 4

decreased synthesis (malabsorption), water overload , increased excretion and increased catabolism

Question 5

What is protein electrophoresis?

Answer 5

• Amino acids could be negative or positive
• Migrate & different speeds in electric field to positive electrode
• Albumins rapid and globulins slowly

Question 6

What is the order of proteins in electrophoresis (from positive to negative electrode)

Answer 6

• Albumin
• Alpha-1 area
• Alpha-2 area
• Beta area
• Lamda area

Question 7

Name an Alpha-1 globulin

Answer 7

Alpha-1 antitrypsin

Question 8

Name Alpha-2 globulins

Answer 8

Haptoglobin
Caeruloplasmin
Alpha-2 macroglobulin

Question 9

Name Beta-globulins

Answer 9

• Transferrin

- Beta-2 microglobulin

Question 10

Name a Lamda-globulin

Answer 10

Immunoglobulin G, A, M, E, D

Question 11

What is the function of IgG?

Answer 11

protects extravascular space

Question 12

What is the function of IgA?

Answer 12

Protects body surfaces - dimer

Question 13

What is the function of IgM?

Answer 13

Protects blood stream - pentamer

Question 14

What is the function of IgE?

Answer 14

Involved in hypersensitivity reactions

Question 15

What is the function of IgD?

Answer 15

little known

Question 16

List characteristics of albumin

Answer 16

• 80% plasma oncotic pressure
• Transports: BR, fatty acids, Ca, hormones and many drugs
• Nutritional half-life of 20 days

Question 17

What causes hypoalbuminaemia?

Answer 17

• decreased synthesis
• increased volume of distribution (dilution)
• increased excretion or catabolism

Question 18

What causes hyperalbuminaemia?

Answer 18

Acute dehydration

Question 19

What are the consequences of low albumin?

Answer 19

• Oedema
• Decreased binding and increase toxicity
• Decrease in total serum calcium

Question 20

List characteristics of Alpha1- antitrypsin

Answer 20

• Protease inhibitor

- Most important inhibitor of leucocyte elastase found in vascular endothelium

Question 21

When do Alpha1-antitrypsin levels increase or decrease?

Answer 21

• increase: acute phase reaction

- decrease: in protein losing conditions

Question 22

List characteristics of Alpha2-macroglobulin

Answer 22

Protease inhibitor

Question 23

When do Alpha2-macroglobulin levels increase?

Answer 23

Protein losing conditions: increased synthesis and relative retention by glomerulus

Question 24

List characteristics of Haptoglobin

Answer 24

• Alpha 2 fraction
• Binds free Hb → removed by RES
• Prevents loss of Hb and Fe in urine
• Prevents lipid peroxidation by Hb
• Anti&inflammatory

Question 25

When do haptoglobin levels increase and decrease?

Answer 25

- Decreased in intravascular haemolysis | - Increased in acute phase response

Question 26

List characteristics of Caeruplasmin

Answer 26

- Alpha 2 fraction - Transports copper - Oxidation of iron

Question 27

When do Caeruplasmin levels increase and decrease?

Answer 27

- Decreased in Wilson’s | - Increased in acute phase reaction, pregnancy and oestrogen prescription

Question 28

List characteristics of Transferrin

Answer 28

Beta fraction | Fe transport

Question 29

When do transferrin levels increase and decrease?

Answer 29

- Increased: iron-def. anaemia, pregnancy and estrogen prescription - Decreased in acute phase reaction and nephrotic syndrome

Question 30

List characteristics of Beta2 –microglobulin

Answer 30

- Beta fraction | - Found in cell membranes

Question 31

When do Beta2 –microglobulin levels increase?

Answer 31

multiple myeloma

Question 32

Which proteins increase during acute phase reaction?

Answer 32

alpha1 and 2 globulins, beta fraction, complement and CRP

Question 33

Which proteins decrease during acute phase reaction?

Answer 33

albumin and transferrin