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Chemistry > C8 Acids, bases and salts - 1 & 2 > Flashcards

C8 Acids, bases and salts - 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an acid?

A

An acid is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydrogen. - positively charged hydrogen ions H^+.
pH below 7.

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2
Q

What are examples of acids?

A

Hydrochloric acid (stomach) and citric acid.

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3
Q

What is a base?

A

A base is a substance that dissolves in water to produce hydroxide (ions).
OH^-

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4
Q

What are alkalis?

A

Alkalis are bases that are dissolved in water.

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5
Q

What are examples of bases?

A

Calcium carbonate (limestone) and sodium chloride (salt).

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6
Q

What does the pH scale show?

A

The pH scale shows how acidic an object is.
0-6 is acidic.
7 is neutral.
8-14 are bases.

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7
Q

What test can we use to investigate whether a substance is acidic or basic?

A

We can use the litmus paper test.

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8
Q

What is litmus paper?

A

Litmus paper is a thin strip of paper which comes in colours of blue and red.

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9
Q

Explain the litmus paper test.

A

Dip the litmus paper in the solution you want to test it. RED = ACIDIC.
BLUE = BASIC.
Litmus paper comes in both red and blue so there is still a result even if it stays those colours.

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10
Q

What is another acid-alkali indicator?

A

Another acid-alkali indicator is the universal indicator. The universal indicator turns different colours based on substances’ pH values.

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11
Q

What colours does the universal indicator turn?

A

It will turn red-yellow shades when tested with ACIDS.
It will turn purple-blue shades when tested with ALKALIS.

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12
Q

What can acids do?

A

Acids can neutralise a base, forming a salt and water.

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13
Q

Do all metals react with acids?

A

No, not all metals will react with acids. Only metals that are more reactive than hydrogen.

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14
Q

What two products are formed in a reaction with acids and metals?

A

Salt and hydrogen.

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15
Q

What reaction occurs with acids and metals? -MASH

A

MASH:
Metal + acid => salt + hydrogen

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16
Q

What may we observe during a reaction between a metal and acid?

A

You may observe fizzing which is the hydrogen gas. - introduce lit splint to reaction. If a “squeaky pop” occurs, it is hydrogen.

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17
Q

How to test for hydrogen gas?

A

The test for hydrogen gas is using a lit splint and if the gas burns with a “squeaky pop”, hydrogen is present.

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18
Q

What happens when a metal (magnesium) react with hydrochloric acid?

A

magnesium + hydrochloric acid => magnesium chloride + hydrogen

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19
Q

What salts does sulfuric acid produce?

A

Sulfuric acid produces sulphate salts.

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20
Q

What salts does nitric acid produce?

A

Nitric acid produces nitrate salts.

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21
Q

What salts does hydrochloric acid produce?

A

Hydrochloric acid produces chloride salts.

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22
Q

What type of bases can acids react with?

A

Acids will react with bases:
-Metal oxides
-Metal hydroxides

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23
Q

In the neutralisation reaction (acid and base), what two products are formed?

A

Water and salt.

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24
Q

What needs to be produced for it to be a neutralisation reaction?

A

Water.

25
Q

What reaction occurs between a base and acid? BAWS

A

BAWS:
Base + acid => water + salt

26
Q

What happens when a metal oxide (calcium) reacts with sulfuric acid?

A

Calcium oxide + sulfuric acid => water + calcium sulfate

27
Q

What products are formed when an acid reacts with carbonates?

A

3 products are formed in a neutralisation reaction:
Water, carbon dioxide and salt.

28
Q

What reaction occurs between a carbonate reacts and an acid? CAWCS

A

CAWCS
Carbonate + acid => water + carbon dioxide + salt

29
Q

What reaction occurs when a carbonate (zinc) react with nitric acid?

A

Zinc carbonate + nitric acid => water + Carbon dioxide + zinc nitrate.
The carbon dioxide will turn limewater cloudy.

30
Q

What is a carbonate?

A

A carbonate is a salt of carbonic acid.

31
Q

What is the test for carbon dioxide?

A

Carbon dioxide will turn limewater cloudy.

32
Q

How to test for the presence of a carbonate?

A

You can test for the presence of a carbonate by reacting it with an acid as the solution will turn cloudy from the carbon dioxide produced in the reaction.

33
Q

What do the two colour indicators contain?

A

The two colour indicators contain organic compounds that appear different colours in acids and alkalis.

34
Q

What are the two colour indicators?

A

-Litmus
-Thymolpthalein
-Methyl orange

35
Q

What colours is thymolpthalein in acids and alkalis?

A

In an acid, it’s colourless.
In an alkali, it’s blue.

36
Q

what colours is methyl orange in acids and alkalis?

A

In an acid, it’s red.
In an alkali, it’s yellow.

37
Q

What happens when ammonium salts (containing NH4+ ions) is warmed with an alkali (bases)?

A

When ammonium salts are warmed with an alkali, they undergo decomposition.

38
Q

What is formed when an alkali (base) react with ammonium salts?

A

A salt is formed.

39
Q

What reaction can be used to test for the presence of ammonium ions?

A

NH4Cl + NaOH => NaCl + H2O + NH3
Ammonium salt reacts with a base and results in the formation of a salt and ammonia gas with water as a by product.
The ammonia gas will turn damn litmus paper from red to BLUE if ammonium ions are present.

40
Q

Why is it important to control acidity in the soil?

A

The soil is necessary to grow crops, so it needs to be neutral. If it is too alkaline or acidic, the crops won’t grow properly.

41
Q

What can be used to neutralise the soil?

A

Acidity is usually the problem for soil so spraying a base on it can help neutralise it. Bases like limestone and slaked lime are usually sprayed in the soil to neutralise it before planting crops.

42
Q

What is formed when acids are added to water?

A

When acid are added to water, they from positively charged hydrogen ions - H^+

43
Q

What does the presence of H^+ ions make a solution?

A

The presence of H^+ ions makes a solution acidic.

44
Q

What is formed when alkalis are added to water?

A

When alkalis are added to water, they form negative hydroxide ions - OH^-

45
Q

What does the presence of OH^- ions make an aqueous solution?

A

The presence of the OH^- ions is what makes the aqueous solution an alkali.

46
Q

Define acids in terms of proton transfer.

A

Acids are proton donors as they ionise in solution producing protons, which are H^+ ions.
These H^+ ions make the aqueous solution acidic.

47
Q

Define bases in terms of proton transfer.

A

Bases are proton acceptors as they accept the protons which are donated by the acid.

48
Q

What are oxides?

A

Oxides are compounds made from one or more atoms of oxygen combined with one other element.

49
Q

What are done with H^+ ions?

A

H^+ ions are donated to bases from acids.

50
Q

What are examples of oxides?

A

MgO, ZnO, H2O.

51
Q

How can oxides be classified?

A

Oxides can be classified based on their acid-base characteristics.

52
Q

Why do acidic and basic oxides have different values of pH?

A

The difference in their pH stems from whether they are bonded to a metal or non-metal element.

53
Q

Where are the metals on the periodic table?

A

The metals are on the left of the periodic table.

54
Q

Where are the non-metals on the periodic table?

A

The non-metals are on the right of the periodic table.

55
Q

What are acidic oxides formed with?

A

Acidic oxides are formed when a NON-metal element combines with oxygen.
They react with bases to form a salt and water.
-BAWS

56
Q

What are basic oxides formed with?

A

Basic oxides are formed when a METAL element combines with oxygen.
They react with acids to form a salt and water.
-BAWS.

57
Q

What are neutral oxides?

A

neutral oxides are those that do not react with either acids or bases and are thus said to be neutral.
E.g. CO.

58
Q

What are amphoteric oxides?

A

Amphoteric oxides are a curious group of oxides that can behave as both acidic and basic, depending on whether the other reactant is an acid or a base.

59
Q

What is formed with amphoteric oxides in both cases?

A

In both cases, salt and water are formed with amphoteric oxides.

Chemistry (9 decks)

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