C8 Organic Chemistry

Question 1

what are FUELS?

Answer 1

react with O2 + release energy

Question 2

word equation for COMBUSTION

Answer 2

fuel + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (+ energy)

Question 3

what type of reaction is combustion?

Answer 3

exothermic

Question 4

examples of FOSSIL FUEL

Answer 4

coal, natural gas, crude oil, petroleum

Question 5

as molecules get LARGER, what happens to BP? why?

Answer 5

BP increase
(more atoms → stronger intermolecular force → more energy needed to break the bonds)

Question 6

as molecules get LARGER, what happens to VISCOSITY and VOLATILITY?

Answer 6

viscosity: increase
volatility: decrease

Question 7

how does FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION of crude oil work?

Answer 7

crude oil is a MIXTURE of hydrocarbon molecules with DIFFERENT BP → CONDENSE AT DIFFERENT TEMP.

• less C atom → low BP → evaporate, rise, condense at top (lower temp) → collected
• more C atom → high BP → condense at bottom (higher temp) → collected

Question 8

after the fractional distillation of crude oil, how can each section be used?

Answer 8

Question 9

define hydrocarbon

Answer 9

contain only hydrogen and carbon atoms

Question 10

what does combustion of hydrocarbon produce?

Answer 10

CO2 + H2O

Question 11

general formula for ALKANE

Answer 11

C(n) H(2n+2)

Question 12

general formula for ALKENE

Answer 12

C(n) H(2n)

Question 13

general formula for ALCOHOL

Answer 13

C(n) H(2n+1) OH

Question 14

difference between ALKANE and ALKENE

in terms of bond and property

Answer 14

ALKANE: only single covalent bond → saturated → unreactive

ALKENE: one C=C double bond + single covalent bond → unsaturated → reactive

Question 15

uses of ALKANE

Answer 15

fuel (burn in air)

produce alkene by cracking

Question 16

uses of ALKENE

Answer 16

fuel

making plastic

Question 17

what test do you carry out to distinguish alkane and alkene?

Answer 17

ALKENE decolorizes bromine water

it’s more reactive so it reacts with bromine

Question 18

what is the formula for METHANE and ETHANE ?

how do their molecular structures look like?

Answer 18

methane: CH4
ethane: C2H6
check drawing on notes:)

Question 19

what is the formula for ETHENE ? how does its molecular structure look like?

Answer 19

ethene: C2H4

check drawing on notes:)

Question 20

what is the formula for METHANOL ? how does its molecular structure look like?

Answer 20

CH3OH

check drawing on notes:)

Question 21

what is CRACKING?

Answer 21

breaking up larger hydrocarbon molecules into smaller ones (e.g. alkane → alkene)

Question 22

describe the process of CRACKING EXPERIMENT

Answer 22

Question 23

what are the properties and uses of shorter & longer chains of hydrocarbon?

Answer 23

short: burn more easily+completely → fuel
long: can be used under high temp. → lubricate machinery

Question 24

use of GASOLINE and DIESEL

Answer 24

fuel in cars

Question 25

use of NAPHTHA

Answer 25

making chemicals

Question 26

use of BITUMEN

Answer 26

road surfaces

Question 27

how can ethanol be manufactured?

Answer 27

1. fermentation | 2. addition of steam (H2O) to ethene

Question 28

properties and uses of ETHANOL

Answer 28

dissolves grease → solvent | burns easily → fuel

Question 29

define POLYMERS

Answer 29

long chain molecules made up of many REPEATING units of MONOMERS

Question 30

what are the differences between ADDITION POLYMERIZATION and CONDENSATION POLYMERIZATION？

Answer 30

ADDITION: SAME TYPE of monomer join together to make polymer, no other substance is produced CONDENSATION: 2 DIFFERENT TYPES of monomers join together to make polymer, WATER is produced

Question 31

uses of POLYETHENE

Answer 31

carrier bags, containers, plastic bottles, etc.

Question 32

describe how you MAKE NYLON

Answer 32

1) pour solution B into solution A 2) hard polymer forms at the boundary between solutions 3) tweezers pick up polymer, pull onto a glass rod, turn rod to wind up the nylon

Question 33

MAKING NYLON: | why does nylon form at the boundary between the two layers?

Answer 33

the two reactants don’t mix

Question 34

MAKING NYLON: | what does the nylon look like? its properties?

Answer 34

strong, stretchy, transparent

Question 35

MAKING NYLON: | why does the nylon thread stop forming after a while?

Answer 35

one of reactants used up so reaction stops

Question 36

describe how you MAKE UREA FORMALDEHYDE

Answer 36

1) add methanol solution, stir to dissolve urea 2) add dilute sulfuric acid (catalyst), stir 3) solution becomes thick and white

Question 37

draw the product of addition reaction of HALOGEN to alkene

Answer 37

Question 38

draw the product of addition reaction of HYDROGEN to alkene

Answer 38

Question 39

draw the product of addition reaction of WATER to alkene

Answer 39

Question 40

diagram of ADDITION polymerization

Answer 40

Question 41

diagram of CONDENSATION polymerization (eg.nylon)

Answer 41