C9(no C7-8)

Question 1

Function of joint articulations based on the degree of movement

Synarthrosis
Amphiarthrosis
Diartrhosis

Answer 1

• Synarthrosis = immovable
• Amphiarthrosis = slightly movable
• Diartrhosis = freely movable

Question 2

Structure: based on material uniting bones and presence/absence of a joint cavity

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Answer 2

• Fibrous: dense CTP; no joint capsule
• Cartilaginous: bones united by hyaline or fibrocartilage; no joint capsule
• Synovial: joint capsule present; most are diarthoses (freely movable)

Question 3

Fibrous:

• Sutures:
• Syndesmosis:
• Gomphosis:

Answer 3

• Sutures: between most skull bones; become synostoses
• Syndesmosis: distal tibiofibular joint; radioulnar interosseous ligament
• Gomphosis: periodontal ligament connects teeth to alveolar margins

Question 4

Cartilaginous

Synchondrosis:
-Temporary:
-Permanent:

Symphysis:

Answer 4

Synchondrosis: bones united by hyaline cartilage
-Temporary: epiphyseal plates replaced by epiphyseal lines
-Permanent: first sternocostal articulation

Symphysis: bones united by fibrocartilage: intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis

Question 5

Synovial: Components:

• Articular cartilage:
• Joint = articular cavity:
• Synovial fluid:
• Joint = articular capsule:
• Ligaments: capsular, extracapsular or intracapsular.
• Articular discs:
• Bursae and tendon sheaths:

Answer 5

• Articular cartilage: hyaline cartilage that covers ends of bones.
• Joint = articular cavity: contains synovial fluid.
• Synovial fluid: ultrafiltrate of blood with glycoproteins: lubricates, reduces friction.
• Joint = articular capsule: outer fibrous layer is continuous with the periosteum;
  inner synovial membrane synthesizes synovial fluid.
• Ligaments: capsular, extracapsular or intracapsular.
• Nerves and blood vessels
• Articular discs: fibrocartilaginous discs improve fit between bones; cushion, protect.
• Bursae and tendon sheaths: fibrous sacs of synovial fluid external to joints; reduce
  friction; cushion

Question 6

Knee Joint: modified hinge joint

Main actions:

Ligaments

Articular discs

Bursae

Answer 6

Main actions: flexion, extension; limited medial and lateral rotation.
Ligaments: Anterior: patellar (continuation of quadriceps tendon)
Posterior: popliteal
Lateral: fibular collateral
Medial tibial collateral
Intracapsular: anterior and posterior cruciate
Articular discs (fibrocartilage): medial and lateral menisci: deepen articular surfaces of
the tibia; cushion.
Bursae: over a dozen; prepatellar subcutaneous bursa is the most susceptible to injur