CA Anatomy & Physiology

Question 1

True or False?

The forebrain includes cerebrellum and diencephalon.

Answer 1

False
The forebrain includes cerebrum and diencephalon.

(not cerebrellum)

Question 2

True or False?

The hindbrain includes medulla oblongata, pons and cerebrum.

Answer 2

False
The hindbrain includes medulla oblongata, pons and cellebellum.

(not cerebrum)

Question 3

True or False?

The brainstem includes forebrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

Answer 3

False
The brainstem includes midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata.

(not forebrain)

Question 4

Which cranial nerves/pathways in the pons are associated with nuclei?

Answer 4

• III, IV, V, visual and auditory pathways

Question 5

Which cranial nerves/pathways in the medulla oblongata are associated with nuclei?

Answer 5

• V, IX, X, XI, XII, cardiovascular and respiratory function

Question 6

True or false?

The axonal cytoplasm lacks ribosomes, RER and Golgi apparatus

Answer 6

True

Question 7

What does the fast component (50-400mm/day) and slow component (1-4mm/day) transport down the axon?

Answer 7

Fast: cytoplasmic proteins and macromolecules
Slow: cytoskeletal components

Question 8

Complete the statement:

At the excitatory synapse: binding of ____ (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of ____ channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarisation/depolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

Answer 8

At the excitatory synapse: binding of glutamate (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of Na+ channels in the postsynaptic membrane depolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

Question 9

Complete the statement:

At the inhibitory synapse: binding of ____ (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of ____ channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyperpolarisation/depolarisation of the membrane, no action potential in the post synaptic cell.

Answer 9

At the excitatory synapse: binding of GABA (neurotransmitter) to its receptors leads to opening of K+/Cl- channels in the postsynaptic membrane hyerpolarisation of the membrane, action potential in the post synaptic cell.

Question 10

What is the function of oligodendrocytes?

Answer 10

• Myelin Sheath formation (white matter)
• satellite bodies (grey matter)

Question 11

What is the function of astrocytes?

Answer 11

• Regulate the composition of the intercellular environment and the entry of substances into it
• Provide structural support to neurons and specifically to synapses
• Metabolise neurotransmitters (regulate homeostasis of glutamate)
• Mediate the exchange of nutrients and metabolites between the blood and neurons.

Question 12

What is the function of microglia?

Answer 12

• phagocytic, are the brain macrophases/ immunocompetent cells of the CNS
• enlarge and become mobile after injury to the CNS

Question 13

Name 3 conditions that implicate microglia.

Answer 13

• Alzheimer’s Disease
• Parkinson’s Disease
• Cerebral ischemia (stroke)

Question 14

True or False?

The Perineurium is a layer of connective tissue around the entire nerve

Answer 14

False
The Perineurium is a layer of connective tissue around the each fascicle of nerve fibres. Around the entire nerve is epineurium.

Question 15

True or false?

Endoneurium is a thick reticular layer that surrounds each fascicle of nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells.

Answer 15

False.
Endoneurium is a thin reticular layer that surrounds each individual of nerve fibre and contains Schwann cells.

Question 16

Fill in the blank:

In CNS, individual ____ myelinate portions of several axons.

Answer 16

Oligodendrocytes

Question 17

Fill in the blank:

In PNS, individual ____ myelinate portions of a single axon.

Answer 17

Schwann Cells

Question 18

What is the clinical significance of the Circle of Willis?

Answer 18

If one of the arteries become slowly occluded, blood can still pass around the other way to reach the affected area (collateral circulation).

Question 19

Rupture in which veins will cause a subdural hemorrhage?

Answer 19

Superior cerebral veins

Question 20

True or false?

The brain relies on the lymphatic system to remove pathogens and metabolites from the brain.

Answer 20

False.
Brain does not have lymphatic channels, thus relies on CSF to remove pathogens and metabolites.

Question 21

What is the postsynpatic target for excitatory synapse?

Answer 21

Dendrite of neuron

Question 22

What is the postsynpatic target for inhibitory synapse?

Answer 22

Soma of neuron

Question 23

True or false?

Resting membrane potential (RMP) is constant for all individuals (regardless of disease state).

Answer 23

False.
RMP can be altered in diseased states (hypokalemia)

Question 24

Hypokalemia, a severe decrease in serum potassium, as for example in humans due to use of diuretic drugs. This will lead to the following changes in excitable membrane:
1. Hyperpolarisation of membrane
2. Depolarisation of membrane
3. Inactivation of voltage gated sodium channels
4. opening of voltage gated potassium channel
5. none of the above

Choose ONE of the following.

Answer 24

1. Hyperpolarisation of membrane - leads neurons away from threshold potential

Question 25

# True or False? The depolarisation is due to net influx, not net efflux of cations to the inside of the cell.

Answer 25

True

Question 26

# True or false? An action potential is generated even if the depolarisation does not reach threshold membrane potential at trigger point.

Answer 26

**False** No action potential generated if threshold potential not reached.

Question 27

What is saltatory conduction?

Answer 27

The jumping from node to node by action potential. Helps to speed up conduction of action potential.

Question 28

What is the Broca's area responsible for? ## Footnote Neurological function

Answer 28

Expressing language

Question 29

What is the Wernicke's area responsible for? ## Footnote Neurological function

Answer 29

Comprehending language

Question 30

What is the Subgenual ACC responsible for? ## Footnote Neurological function

Answer 30

Feelings of sadness, depression. ## Footnote Electrical stimulation of the subgenual ACC decreases activity in this region, decreasing depression symptoms

Question 31

What is the Hippocamus responsible for? ## Footnote Neurological function

Answer 31

Declarative memory (conscious recall). ## Footnote Damage to hippocamus can cause Alzheimer's disease etc.

Question 32

What is the Amygdala responsible for? ## Footnote Neurological function

Answer 32

Emotion and emotional memory. (mood changes) ## Footnote Ability to discern others' facial expressions and emotions

Question 33

**Pain** pathway from the spinal cord is known as the ____ pathway.

Answer 33

Spinothalamic pathway

Question 34

**Touch** pathway from the spinal cord is known as the ____ pathway.

Answer 34

Dorsal pathway

Question 35

# True or false? Neurons that connect the thalamus to the somatosensory cortex are **second order neurons**.

Answer 35

False. They are third order neurons ## Footnote IC3 Pg 6 for more details.

Question 36

What sensory processing is used as signals to relay information?

Answer 36

Action potential ## Footnote Principles of sensory processing (1)

Question 37

Where does sensory signals travel along that ensures region specificity? | Signal from leg is processed as signal from leg and not hands

Answer 37

**Topographic lines** Different populations of afferent relay information from different regions ## Footnote Principles of sensory processing (3)

Question 38

Where does sensory signals travel along that give rise to its specificity in sensory processing? | What makes signals specific? E.g. pain receptors will trigger pain

Answer 38

**Labelled lines** A receptor and its primary afferent that is labeled because normally they respond to only one type of stimulus ## Footnote Principles of sensory processing (3)

Question 39

Which of the following two choices is likely to be correct on increasing the rate of electrical stimulation of the fibre? 1. Increasing rate of electrical stimulation will evoke sensation of pain because of increased action potential discharge. 2. Increasing rate of electrical stimulation will evoke increased magnitude of touch sensation because action potential discharge is increased.

Answer 39

2.

Question 40

# True or false? Frequency code = number of AP/ unit time Population code = number of activated receptors

Answer 40

True. Frequency: intensity Population: area

Question 41

What are the two possible mechanisms of allodynia?

Answer 41

1. Compromised inhibition (by loss of inhibitiory neuron) 2. The nature of inhibition is affected such that the inhibitory neuron excites the spinothalamic neuron post-injury 3. Sensitization (of the excitatory pathway)

Question 42

What is the cerebrellum responsible for? | Neurological function

Answer 42

Coordinated movement, balance, muscle tone

Question 43

What is the basal ganglion responsible for? | Neurological function

Answer 43

* Initiation of movement * Selection of motor program

Question 44

Name one medical condition which involves basal ganglion disorder (and its respective signs)

Answer 44

Parkinson's Disease Signs: tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia

Question 45

What is hyperlagesia?

Answer 45

an increased perception of pain evoked by a given noxious stimulus (essentially: feeling 20 units of pain to a stimulus of 10 units of pain)

Question 46

What is allodynia?

Answer 46

when a normally non-noxious stimulus becomes painful (essentially: not pain but feel pain)

Question 47

What is the concept of descending modulation of pain?

Answer 47

descending signal from the brain inhibit the transfer of signal from 1st order nociceptor fibre to 2nd order spinothalamic neurons leading to a loss of pain sensation (analgesia)

Question 48

What are some touch receptors?

Answer 48

* Merkel Cell * Meissner Corpuscle * Pacinian Corpuscle * Ruffini Ending

Question 48

# True or False? Nociceptors encode information about the noxious stimulus and propagate the signal to the CNS along the spinothalamic pathway

Answer 48

True

Question 49

How does aspirin implicate sensitisation?

Answer 49

Overall: decrease sensitivity Aspirin inhibits different COX at intermediate doses, blocking prostaglandin production, leading to analgesic and antipyretic effects.

Question 50

How does acetaminophen implicate sensitisation?

Answer 50

Overall: decrease sensitivity Acetaminophen leads to both reduction in COX pathway in the CNS and antagonism of TRPV receptors

Question 51

How does Ubrogepant implicate sensitisation?

Answer 51

Overall: decrease sensitisation CGRP receptor antagonist.

Question 52

What is the target protein for Ca2+ to release neurotransmitters into the synapse?

Answer 52

VAMPS: Ca2+ sensitive vesicle membrane proteins Leads to vesicle docking to presynapse membrane, followed by fusion and exocytosis

Question 53

What are the functions of the blood brain barrier? (3)

Answer 53

* Modulation of entry of metabolic substances * Control of ion movements * Prevention of access to CNS by toxics

Question 54

What are some characteristics of drugs that penetrate the BBB via transmembrane diffusion? | Think MW, lipid solubility

Answer 54

Low MW, High lipid solubility

Question 55

What are some factors that affect rate of uptake across BBB by transporter sytems? ## Footnote rate of uptake of transporter systems is 10-fold of transmembrane diffusison!!

Answer 55

* cerebral blood flow * co-factors * hormones/peptide modulators ## Footnote idt this will be heavily tested ~ kenneth