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CLINICAL ANATOMY > CA: Foundation > Flashcards

CA: Foundation Flashcards

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1
Q

Define Anatomy

A

The study of FORM and the gross structure of various parts of the body.

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2
Q

Define clinical anatomy

A

Emphasise on the practical application

“Rather than the nerve innervates the skin, its there is numbness here could it be a nerve”

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3
Q

Define Diagnosis

A

The process of determining the nature of the disorder and the pathological cause

MO & physio refer with this disorder

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4
Q

Define epidemiology

A

Distribution of diseases and determinants of disease.

“Shin pain is prevalent in recruits”

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5
Q

Define Aetiology

A

The study of disease causes including the Mechanism of injury (MOI)

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6
Q

Define pathology

A

Disease processes, this is due to this. Disease path.

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7
Q

Compare and contrast Signs vs Symptoms

A

The patient comes to us with symptoms, pain swelling, unable to weight bear.

We evaluate and determine the signs of a specific issue.

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8
Q

Define prognosis

A

Assessment of the future COA can include treatment plan and loose time line.

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9
Q

Define treatment

A

The intervention made by a clinician, with positive intent

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10
Q

Definie complication

A

A disease or condition arising during treatment.

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11
Q

Name the 6 types of connective tissue

A 
Bone
Cartilage
Ligaments
Fascia
Retinaculum
Tendons
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12
Q

What are the 5 types of bone & example of each

A 
Long - femur
Short  - carpal
irregular - vertebrae
Sesamoid - patella
Flat - scapula
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13
Q

There are two types of bone tissue, what are they?

A

Compact - hard outer shell (usually mature bone)

Spongey - inner core that partly or wholly fills the cavity

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14
Q

Compact bone has two layers, what are they?

A

Superficial - fibrous, blends with ligaments

Deep - growth repair

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15
Q

Define ossification

A

The process in which new bone is formed.

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16
Q

In spongey bone it forms fine threads of bone called what ?

A

Trabeculae

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17
Q

What are the functions of the skeleton ?

A 
Support
Storage
Movement
Protection
Hemopoiesis (production)
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18
Q

What composes the two separations of the skeleton?

A

Axial: skull, spine,sacrum ribs,
Appendicular: upper limb including shoulder girdle
Lower limb including pelvislc girdle

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19
Q

Describe cartilage

A

Cartilaginous fibres that are Aneural, avascular, protects bone and facilitates movement.

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20
Q

What are the types of cartilage ?

A

Hyaline or articular - articular surface of femur
Yellow elastic - epiglottis, pinnar
White fibrous - meniscus, labrum, intervertebral discs.

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21
Q

Ligaments connect bone to bone, name and describe the two categories ? (And their sub categories)

A

Capsular - blend with joint capsule, appear as thickening of capsule.
Accessory ligaments - broken into subcategories
Intra capsular - ACL
Extra capsular - LCL

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22
Q

Name the functions of ligaments? (5)

A 
Direct normal movement
Stabilise or control unwanted movement
Prevent unwanted movement
Proprioceptive role
Protected by muscular reflex
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23
Q

Describe fascia and uts 3 major functions

A

Fascia is a sheet or band of fibrous tissue enveloping, separating or binding together muscles, organs and other soft tissues.

Functions:

Protection
Support
Control

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24
Q

Describe the role of retinaculum

A

Broad single sheet of connective cells, which hold tendons in position.

  • type 1: restricts side to side ROM (e.g knee joint)
  • type 2: prevent tendons bowstringing away
    (lateral ankle, peroneal)
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25
Tendons connect muscle to bone, describe the 4 types
Cord Strap Aponeurosis Expansions
26
Functions of a tendon ? (4)
Achieve movement by force transition Provide anchorage for the muscle The anchorage provides a fulcrum Reduces and withstands muscular & bony friction
27
Describe a tendon sheath
Achillies, EPB, EPL, areas of great mechanical stress. Tubes of fibrous tissue are present, where virtually frictionless gliding. Tendon sheaths are associated with overuse injuries.
28
Joints: ROM is determined by which 3?
Joint shape (bony) Flexibility of connective tissues (muscles) Position of the connective tissues (ligiments)
29
Joints can be classified into two groups?
Structural - joint cavity, connective tissue | Functional - available ROM
30
Joint classifications, what are the three joint classifications?
Fibrous / synarthrosis Cartilaginous / amphiarthrosis Synovial / diarthrosis
31
What are the types of synovial joint ?
``` Hinge Pivot Gliding Condyloid Saddle Ball & socket ```
32
Three types of muscle tissue?
Skeletal Cardiac Smooth
33
Define peristalsis
An undulating pushing movement occurring in smooth muscle structures
34
3 functions of skeletal myscle ?
Movement Posture Heat production
35
What are the roles skeletal muscles can adopt
Agonist / prime mover Antagonist Synergist / stabilisers Fixator / neutralisers
36
Skeletal muscle 2 classifications?
Pennard - parallel to the origin and insertion | Non-pennate - fibres oblique to origin & insertion
37
Non-pennate muscle types (5)
``` Quadrilateral Strap Spiral Fusiform Fan ```
38
Pennate muscle 3 groups ?
Uni-pennate - fingers Bi-pennate - gastrocnemius Multi-pennate - deltoid
39
Pennate vs non-pennate
``` Pennate are stronger Pennate more muscle fibres Pennate fibres are shorter (less ROM) Fusiform and strap are weaker forms Fusiform and strap have wider ROM ```
40
What are the Phases of tissue healing and their times.
``` Phase 1: bleeding snd inflammation (0-8 hours) (6-72 hours) Phase 2: proliferation (24 hours- 3 weeks) Phase 3: remodeling (1-20 weeks) ```
41
Characteristics of inflammation (4)
Redness Swelling Heat Pain
42
Compare & contrast intrinsic vs extrinsic trauma.
Extrinsic - external force, usually fractures & dislocations, RTCs. Intrinsic- jumping, football, meniscus, overuse injuries.
43
Define a gradual onset injury
Often an overuse injury related to biomechanics. Repeated ankle sprains, tendinopathy, etc
44
For inflammation to be coined chronic how long must it persist?
6 weeks | 6/52
45
What is the difference between? Acute inflammation Chronic inflammation
Acute: Removal of the stimulus Chronic: Stimulus persists and the inflammatory cycle continues
46
Sprain vs Strain
Sprain - ligament | Strain - muscle
47
Function of a muscle ? | Function of a ligament ?
To produce force | Control unwanted movement
48
Logament injury classifications + percentages
Grade 1 - minor sprain <30% Grade 2 - moderate sprain >30% Grade 3 - complete rupture >85%
49
Signs & symptoms of a ligament injury
``` Bruising - clear MOI Swelling - pop sensation Muscle spasm - feeling of instability Reduced ROM - Aunable to weight bear. Increased range of motion - pain ```
50
3 types of muscle injury
Contusion Muscle strain Muscle soreness
51
Classification of muscle strains + percentage + days
1 - <30% - 1-10 days 2 - 30> - 1-2 weeks 3 >85% - months
52
Types of tendon injury (3)
Tendon rupture Tendinitis Tenosynovitis
53
Define a pathological fracture
One caused by something that has already weakened the bone, osteoporosis, cancer.
54
Name as many types of fractures as possible
``` Greenstick Transverse Oblique Comminuted Avulsion Stress Compression Depressed Spiral Complicated Impact ```
55
3 complications following a fracture
Neural Vascular Joint line / articular fracture
56
Fracture healing principles + weeks
Haematoma - 0-2 Soft callus (fibrocartilagious) 1-4 Hard callus 2-6 weeks Remodelling 4 - 16 weeks
57
Principals of treatment (3)
Reduction Immobilisation Rehabilitation
58
Give an example of immobilisation in repair
Plaster of paris splint
59
Factors effecting repair (8)
``` Degree of damage Type of bone Age Blood supply Harmful movement Nutrition/smoking Fitness Education ```
60
Rehabilitation 6 factors in fracture repair
``` Reduce pain Increase ROM Promote healing Maintain fitness Enhance nutrition Restore function ```

CLINICAL ANATOMY (3 decks)

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