CA6 Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
Fill The Blank:
Data is stored by …………………….., organisations, businesses and …………….
A
Governments, People
2
Q
Fill The Blank:
Data has no …………… and can be ……………………. or ………………………….
A
Meaning, Qualititative, Quantitative
3
Q
Fill The Blank:
Data is ……… facts and ………………. before it has been ……………………. and data can be made up of letters, ………………, symbols, graphics and ………………
A
Raw, Figures, Processed, Numbers, Sounds
4
Q
Define:
Data
A
Raw facts and figures before they have been processed
5
Q
Define:
Qualitative Data
A
Non-numerical data
6
Q
Define:
Quantitative Data
A
Numerical Data
7
Q
Define:
Information
A
data + [structure] + [context] + meaning
8
Q
Fill The Blank:
Information is created when data is ……………………, sometimes it is unneccessary to give data …………….. and ……………….. to become information
A
Processed, Structure, Context
9
Q
Explain:
Briefly, structure of data
A
How it is presented (eg: NN/NN/NNNN)
10
Q
Explain:
Briefly, context of data
A
Context of data is the environment that we know and understand to make sense of the data
11
Q
Fill The Blank:
The ……………. of data is that it is in the correct structure and put into context
A
Meaning
12
Q
Fill The Blank:
Information is in ………………. while data has no ……………….
A
Context
13
Q
Fill The Blank:
Information is data which has been coded/……………………
A
Structured
14
Q
Fill The Blank:
Data must be ……………… to become information
A
Processed
15
Q
Explain:
The order, and links, between data, information and knowledge
A
Data -> Information -> Knowledge
16
Q
Explain:
Order of DIKW pyramid
A
- Data, Information, Knowledge, Wisdom
- As steps are taken upwards through the levels (towards wisdom), questions can be asked about the data and answers provided with each step adding value to the data
17
Q
Fill The Blank:
Linking a range of ……….. can also represent information
A
Data
18
Q
Fill The Blank:
As soon as information is processed, linked and stored by a digital system or a person it become …………………
A
Knowledge
19
Q
Fill The Blank:
Businesses and organisations collect and store data and will use this data to provide information which can then be used to make strategic ……………….
A
Decisions
20
Q
Fill The Blank:
It is important data is stored in a way that allows the user to …………………..
A
Manipulate
21
Q
Fill The Blank:
The selected data …….. will depend on what data is to be stored and how it will be used and/or ……………………
Data Types
A
Type, Processed
22
Q
State:
6 main datatypes
Data Types
A
- Boolean
- Character
- Date
- Integer
- Real
- String
23
Q
Explain:
Boolean data type and give an example of data
Data Types
A
- Only 2 choices
- ‘Yes or no’ OR ‘True or false’
24
Q
Explain:
Character data type and give an example of data
Data Types
A
- Stores single character which can be a letter, number or symbol
- ’$’ OR ‘A’ - any character
25
# Explain:
Date data type and give an example of data
| Data Types
* Date with a defined structure (format will depend on how the date is used to be stored and processed
* '12/02/2025'
26
# Explain:
Integer data type and give an example of data
| Data Types
* Whole numbers (positive or negative)
* '-99' OR '1'
27
# Explain:
Real data type and give an example of data
| Data Types
* Any number, with or without decimal places (positive or negative)
* '12.3' OR '-2492'
28
# Explain:
String data type and give an example of data
| Data Types
* Stores alphanumeric combinations and text; a group of characters stored together as one
* '3T6HjV' OR 'Oxford Place'
29
# Fill The Blank:
If stored data is the incorrect ........ type then any processing or analysis could be problematic causing incorrect ....................... being made by the data holder
Data, Decisions
30
# Fill The Blank:
Data may be ................ between related organisations or within an industry such as that the ............................ shares data within the country or with other countries across the world
Shared, Government
31
# Explain:
A file-based structure
Used to maintain and organise single or many data files - can help with basic data management
32
# Explain:
A ........-based structure facilitates a range of application software packages to carry out functions for ......... users of the digital system
File, End
33
# Fill The Blank:
In a file-based structure, each ................. defines and manages its own .......... This can put limits on how the data can be used or ........................... - important that the system allows ................... access by different processes.
Package, Data, Transmiitted, Concurrent
34
# Fill The Blank:
Data stored in a file-.......... system should be consistently .................. and stored so it is ..........................
Based, Structured, Accessible
35
# State:
2 issues with different areas within an organisation handling their own data
2 of:
* Different file formations being used, leading to incompatible data between areas
* Data duplication
* Lack of flexiblity in organising and querying the data
* Increased number of different application programs
36
# Explain:
A directory-based structure
* Way tht files and folders are displayed to the user - often in hierarchal tree structure
* Can make it easier for end users to locate files as folder structure should be logical
37
# Define:
Data wrangling
| Data Wrangling
Process of changing unorganised and raw data into standardised data which makes it useful
38
# State:
The 6 main steps in the data wrangling process
| Data Wrangling
* Discovery
* Structure
* Cleansing
* Enrichment
* Validation
* Publishing
39
# Explain:
Discovery
| Data Wrangling
Initial step of understanding the data and fully understanding what the data is about and understanding the data will enable the best outcomes for its analysis
40
# Explain:
Structure
| Data Wrangling
Most data is unstructured and disorganised so it must be give na structure to make sure it is accessible and this structure will depend on the requirements of the output for analysis.
41
# Explain:
Cleansing
| Data Wrangling
Remove any anomalies from the data and make sure that it does not skew the final analysis if the requirements are not fully met. Cleansing will also remvoe any formatting anomalies from varied collection methods.
42
# Explain:
Enrichment
| Data Wrangling
If data that has been collected not fully meet the requirements, then one solution is data enrichment (or combining data sets). Enrichment of data involves adding or combining data sets so that the results of processing and analysis meet requirements fully. Data enrichment can be beneficial by saving a company by reducing the amount of primary data needing to be collected.
43
# Explain:
Validation
| Data Wrangling
Checking the reliability, quality and safety of the data is authenticated. This means checking the data to ensure it is complete and all data in a given field meets the same structure and level of completeness that is required.
44
# Explain:
Publishing
| Data Wrangling
The data output is full and complete and will enable analysis to be carried out. When publishing, the data must be made appopriately accessible.
45
# State:
The 7 core functions of data systems
| Core functions
* Input
* Search
* Save
* Integrate
* Organise (Index)
* Output
* Feedback Loop
46
# Fill The Blank:
The ............. function of a data sytem is the collection of ........ data
| Core functions
Input, Raw
47
# Fill The Blank:
..................... can be carried out on data to meet the specific needs and .......................... of the organisation and can be done multiple times with different .................... on saved data
| Core functions
Searching, Requirements, Criteria
48
# Fill The Blank:
Inputted data can be ............. to allow processing, ............... and searching later on. This data can also be edited and resaved
| Core functions
Saved, Analysis
49
# Fill The Blank:
Different data ............ and formats can be integrated into a single ..................... producing a full and complete output that meets specified needs and requirements. This is the core function .......................
| Core functions
Types, Location, Integrate
50
# Fill The Blank:
Saved data can be given an ............ to ensure that it meets the needs of the end ......... and can increase the speed of ........................ data. .............. can be efficient and time-................. This is the core function .......................
| Core functions
Index, User, Searching, Indexes, Saving, Organisation
51
# Explain:
Output core function of data systems
| Core functions
The processed and analysed data is sent to the relevant people or places
52
# Explain:
Feedback loop core function
| Core functions
Feedbck is output that is returned to, usually senior management, to help evaluate the process to correct tasks carried out in the input stage etc.
53
# Fill The Blank:
Data entry is done by combining data ............., but initially is usually done by a .................... who is capable of making .............. during data entry. There are features that can be used to reduce the number of data entry ..............
| Data entry and maintenance
Stores, Person, Errors, Errors
54
# Explain:
Transcription errors
| Data entry and maintenance
Occur either when copying the data from the source document for data entry or by a user entering data online and the wrong key is entered or hitting two keys at once - entering incorrect data
55
# Explain:
Transposition errors
| Data entry and maintenance
When two eltters or numbers have been reversed
56
# Define:
Validation
| Data entry and maintenance
Checks that the data being entered into a digital system is sensible and reasonable, and checks it against pre-set rules
57
# Define:
Verification
| Data entry and maintenance
A check to see whether the data being entered into a digital system is identical to the surce document or initial data entry
58
# Fill The Blank:
Validation is used to (attempt to) check that entered data entered is ................., reasonable, within predefined ..................... and is .........................
| Data entry and maintenance
Sensible, Boundaries, Complete
59
# FIll The Blank:
If an error in data entry is found on an online form, a useful ............... should be provided with details about the error and how it can be ...................
| Data entry and maintenance
Message, Solved
60
# Explain:
Briefly, GIGO
| Data entry and maintenance
Garbage In, Garbage Out
If incorrect data is entered, the data stored will also be incorrect and when any processing is done, the correct results of the processing may be correct in terms of the data but will be incorrect in terms of accuracy and usefulness.
61
# Fill The Blank:
After data has been entered, during its lifetime it will need to be .................. For example, by regular scheduled searches to remove redundant or expired data
| Data entry and maintenance
Maintained
62
# State:
5 main ways data can be presented
| Visualisation
* Graphs/charts
* Data tables
* Reports
* Infographics
* Maps/Heat maps
63
# Explain:
Data table
| Visualisation
Extract or the result of a query from an information system, logically sorted and summarised - often used in reports alongside other visualisations
Data must be small and related for a data table to be suitable.
Allows for precise data to be presented whereas a graph could not do this
64
# Explain:
Graphs and charts
| Visualisation
* Makes it easier to understand data
* Easy way to show complicated data
* Common in reports at all levels of business
* Easy to identify trends and patterns using a graph or chart
65
# Explain:
Dashboard
| Visualisation
Live interface from an information source that shows how data is now, often with historic data
66
# Explain:
Infographics
| Visualisation
* For a less technical audience
* Information can be lost for looks
* Helps get complex ideas across to a mixed audience
* Collection of images, charts/graphs and minimal text
67
# Explain:
Maps
| Visualisation
* Data visualisation on a map which could show live data or historic data
* Overlay information onto a map to show how data will alter based upon location
68
# Explain:
Heat Maps
| Visualisation
* Use a colour scale over the data to show different levels
69
# State:
1 disadvantage of using a graph to represent data
| Visualisation
If the graph poorly presents the data then the end user can misinterpret the data
70
# State:
3 of the common types of graphs
| Visualisation
3 of:
* Area chart
* Bar graph/histogram
* Column chart
* Dual axis chart
* Line graph
* Pie chart
* Scatter plot
* Stacked bar graph
71
# Explain:
Reports
| Visualisation
A report will be a formal overview of the data showing the essential data that is needed to fulfil the specified requirements and needs of the end user.
Data must be represented in an easy to read format so end users can easily visualise and understand the data report
72
# Explain:
The aim of business information tools
Provide data for, and support the making of, informed decision making - gather, organise, process and analyse data to show trends and patterns
73
# Fill The Blank:
Business ................. software (BIS) is to gather, ...................., process and ............. data to provide business intelligence and usually gathers data from a data .......................
Intelligence, Analyse, Report, Warehouse
74
# Fill The Blank:
Business intelligence software can provide processed data which will enable ........... and ................. to be highlighted
Trends, Patterns
75
# Explain:
Purpose of financial planning and analysis software
Support activities including planning and setting budgets, and budget forecasting and modelling
76
# State:
1 advantage of using financial planning and analysis software
Models can be created and shared between employees and different numbers can be locked so they cannot be changed, this would most probably be related to fixed costs
77
# State:
1 disadvantage of using financial planning and analysis software
While planning and analysing the financial aspect of a business if beneficial, it can be difficult to predict the impact of world events on business costs
78
# Fill The Blank:
Using financial planning and analysis software means businesses can create and forecast the ............... aspects to make ................. decisions
Financial, Informed
79
# Explain:
The purpose of Customer Relationship Management software (CRM)
Make cusotmer management less time consuming and easier for those employees who are customer facing
80
# Fill The Blank:
A CRM software package helps track, .................... and ................ customer interactions
Manage, Record
81
# Fill The Blank:
CRM software can be used by an organisation to ............ the gathered customer data from a range of ...............
Analyse, Sources
82
# State:
2 uses of CRM systems
* Data mining
* Identification of trends and patterns
83
# Fill The Blank:
Results of analysis can be presented in a ............. way using .............. and charts to make tactical and ................... decisions
Visual, Graphs, Strategic
84
# Define:
Data model
" The logical interrelationships and data flow between different data elements involved in the information world that also documents the way data is stored and retrieved"
85
# Fill The Blank:
A data model will help when a database is being designed and will ensure final database is fit for ............... and mean it will be more ............... with all relational tables, .................. and foreign ........ are fully and complete defined meaning the database's requirements from the end user will be correctly and fully ....................... with no missing or ............................. data
Purpose, Efficiecnt, Primary, Keys, Represented, Redundant
86
# State:
DBMS
Database Management System
87
# Explain:
How a hierarchal database model works
Shows the database structure as a tree and tables are only related on a hierarchal basis
88
# Fill The Blank:
Hierarchal database model will only generally be used for ........................ of files
Organisation
89
# State:
3 advantages of the hierarchal database model
3 of:
* East addition and deletion of data
* Easy to share files based on folders (higher up hierarchy means they get all folders below)
* Supports one-to-many relationships
* Relates to natural hierarchies for organisation
90
# State:
3 disadvantages of the hierarchal database model
3 of:
* Hard to share specific sections of data and tracking sharing of data
* Not scalable
* Not flexible
* Difficult to query
* Slow to search
* Prone to anomalies
91
# Define:
Conceptual data model
Defines what the system contains, establishing the entities and how they would relate to each other
92
# Define:
Logical data model
* Giving the different tables/entities their attributes/columns
* Expands on the conceptual model
* Give primary and foreign keys to each entity
93
# Define:
Physical data model
* Describes how the system will be implemented using a specific DBMS
* Includes all datatypes and relationships, with no many-to-many relationships
94
# Define:
Relationship model
* Show a database as a collection of relationships
* Shows the relationships between the tables, records and fields using primary and foreign keys
95
# Fill The Blank:
An ............... ...................... diagram can be used during creation of the ...................., logical and ..................... data models
Entity, Relationship, Conceptual, Physical
96
# Explain:
The three main parts of an entity relationship diagram (ERD)
* Entities - what will become the tables in a DB
* Columns - are also called attributes which will become fields in a DB
* Relationships - how the entities are linked
97
# Fill The Blank:
A completed ERD will not include any many-to-............. relationships but instead using a link ...........
Many, Entity
98
# Define:
Primary Key
A field in a table that allows eaach record to be uniquely identified
99
# Define:
Foreign key
Used to link tables together, a field in one table that is linked to a primary key in a different table
100
# Define:
Data dictionary
Contain data about the data that will be included in the database (contains metadata)
101
# Fill The Blank:
Usually created as part of ............. data modelling and will include each ........... (table)
Physical, Entity
102
# State:
The 6 Vs
| The Six Vs
* Volume
* Variety
* Velocity
* Variability
* Value
* Veracity
103
# Explain:
Volume
| The Six Vs
Considering the amount of data and if there is a capability to store this volume
104
# Explain:
Variety
| The Six Vs
Consider where the data has come from and in what form; is it structured or unstructured?
105
# Explain:
Velocity
| The Six Vs
Speed at which the data is being generated and gathered quickly
106
# Explain:
Variability
| The Six Vs
Ensuring that changes in data (likely from different sources) is expected and not unreasonable.
It can ruin comparison between old and new data if it has changed considerably
107
# Explain:
Value
| The Six Vs
How useful is the data once processed and analysed; did it meet the predefined goal of analysis?
108
# Explain:
Veracity
| The Six Vs
How accurate and if the data is verifiable leading to a corresponding level of confidence in it's reliability
109
# Explain:
The meaning of reliable data
| Data Assurance
How complete and accurate data is
110
# State:
What data must be for it be gathered, processed and analysed
| Data Assurance
* Highly reliable
* Of good quality
111
# State:
2 things that can be done to increase the quality of data
| Data Assurance
* Verification
* Validation
112
# State:
Data Redundancy
| Data Assurance
When the same piece of data is stored two or more times on a digital system
113
# Fill The Blank:
Data redundancy can be linked to data ..................... where a piece of data is stored twice on a system in two different ...............
| Data Assurance
Inconsistency, Formats
114
# Explain:
What could happen if redundant data is processed and analysed
| Data Assurance
Creation of unreliable and meaningless information that leads to uninformed and incorrect decisions from the data
115
# Explain:
One time data redudancy can be useful to an organisation
| Data Assurance
Keeping a backup copy of the data
116
# State:
One example of data redundancy
Hint: Locations
| Data Assurance
Where data is stord in two locations and is updated in one location but not the other - this could mean each piece of data could be treated as unique
117
# State:
How to reduce the risk of data redundancy
| Data Assurance
Comprehensive data modelling
118
# State:
2 ways data can be gathered
| Qualitative data and quantitative data
* Surveys
* Questionnaires
119
# Fill The Blank:
Qualitative and Quantitative data may be gathered as customer ...................
| Qualitative data and quantitative data
Feedback
120
# Define:
Research Population
| Research Population
Number of people required to complete the research
121
# Fill The Blank:
The size of the research population will depend on defined ...................... needed from the results of the research
| Research Population
Requirements
122
# Explain:
How a research population being skewed can affect gathered data
| Research Population
Results of the research may not provide reliable or high quality data
123
# State:
4 of the 8 areas to consider with ethics and data and it's manipulation
| Legislation and regulatory compliance
* Personal data
* Equality and discrimination
* Sharing and reuse of data
* Copyright and intellectual property
* Freedom of information
* Statistics
* Information governance
* Sector specific legislation
124
# Fill The Blank:
Data should be ....................., entered and maintained ......................, with accountability and ....................
| Legislation and regulatory compliance
Gathered, Transparently, Fairness
125
# Fill The Blank:
Data should be gathered, entered and maintained with no .......... or pre-................. perceptions
| Legislation and regulatory compliance
Bias, Conceived
126
# State:
What 2 acts should be considered with data and the legal and ethical issues of it
| Legislation and regulatory compliance
* DPA
* Equality act
127
# State:
3 main factors affecting how an organisation collects and analyses data
| Organisational factors
* Time
* Skills
* Cost
128
# Explain:
Briefly, 2 ways data collection and analysis can cost a business money
| Organisational factors
2 of:
* Employment costs from the time taken
* Entering data onto a system
* Completing maintenance tasks
* Contracting third parties to do tasks
129
# Explain:
Briefly, 2 ways data can cost an organisation time
| Organisational factors
* Gathering of data
* Input/data entry of data
* Maintenance - staff costs
130
# Fill The Blank:
Data gathering can require improvements in skills by .................... skills or updating ..................... relating to legislative requirements
| Organisational factors
Updating, Knowledge
131
# Define:
Data Warehouse
| Data Warehouses
Central location of key data, integrated into a pre-defined format and can be used across the business to make business-critical and evidence-based decisions
132
# Fill The Blank:
Data warehouses will have data from a ................ of internal and external ..................
| Data Warehouses
Range, Sources
133
# Fill The Blank:
Data warehouses will contain a range of ............. and will therefore need data ............. to convert the data into a standardised and pre-defined format
| Data Warehouses
Formats, Cleaning
134
# Fill The Blank:
Data in a data warehouses does not ............... and cannot be ................
| Data Warehouses
Change, Edited
135
# Define:
Data Cleaning
| Data Warehouses
Process of going through data looking for errors and correcting them, or excluding data where errors have been located
136
# Explain:
What data warehouses are used for by staff members
| Data Warehouses
Used by specific business users to analyse and extract a particular meaning from the data
137
# Fill The Blank:
Data stored in a warehouse must be ............, ................... and easy to ............... and easy to manage to enable data ............... to be carried out.
| Data Warehouses
Secure, Reliable, Retrieve, Analysis
138
# Define:
Data Lake
| Data Lakes
Data stores that hold data in an unstructured way with no defined format to the way the data is structured
139
# Fill The Blank:
The data is stored in a ........ state as it may not be processed
| Data Lakes
Raw
140
# Fill The Blank:
Data in a lake is only converted into a predefined .............. when it is ready to be analysed
| Data Lakes
Format
141
# State:
3 advantages using data warehouses
| Data Warehouses
* Faster data retrieval
* Easy integration
* Great performance
* Flexibility
142
# State:
3 disadvantages of data warehouses
| Data Warehouses
* Time taking process
* Limited use of data
* High cost of data
143
# State:
3 advantages of data lakes
| Data Lakes
* Variety and volume
* Fast processing
* Scalability
144
# State:
3 disadvantages of data lakes
| Data Lakes
* Cloud preferences
* Lack of optimisation
* Skill gap and best practices
145
# Define:
Data Mining
| Data Mining
Data mining is used by organisations to process and analyse raw data often used by companies to find unusual patterns that are not normally spotted. It is often done by a specialist third party.
146
# Define:
Data Reporting
| Data Reporting
Takes data and converts it into information and can show an organisation what is happening right now and be analysed for understanding why things are happening. Data can be converted into graphs and charts
147
# Define:
Metadata
Data about data
148
# Describe:
Administrative Data
Provides administrative instructions about a file.
149
# Fill The Blank:
Administrative metadata could include ................... rights or a specific ......... ...........
Access, File Type
150
# Define:
Descriptive Metadata
Relates to how data is identified
151
# Fill The Blank:
Descriptive metadata could include ........, dates or ..................
Titles, Keywords
152
# State:
Metadata's name when on websites
Metatags
153
# Define:
Structural Metadata
How a digital asset is arranged or structured
154
# Fill The Blank:
Examples of structural data include ........., webpages and word-.............. documents and a database with a data ..................
Emails, Processed, Dictionary
155
# Fill The Blank:
.................... can be set to ......... what a user can do with data.
| Data management
Priveleges (Need to say this NOT permissions), User
156
# Explain:
Rules
| Data management
Can be set and part of the permissions and priveleges to attempt to increase the data security.
157
# State:
1 example of rules that can be set
| Data management
1 of:
* Access to all files
* Access to specific files and folders
158
# Fill The Blank:
Rules assigned to a user are likely based on ........ ...........
| Data management
Job Role
159
# Explain:
What can happen if data is not kept secure and access rules are not set
| Data management
Data could be leaked or edited
160
# State:
2 impacts of loss or unauthorised editing of data
| Data management
2 of:
* Data bias
* Inaccurate data leading to incorrect processing and analysis and uninformed decisions being made
* A data breach/leak leading to a possible legal and /or financial impact
161
# Explain:
What an API allows a user to do
Manage, access and use data across a range of platforms
162
# Explain:
1 advantage of APIs for logins
Accessing a website through an API means that users do not have to create a seperate account per website and can use their log-in credentials for the API instead
163
# Fill The Blank:
An API sends a user's action (...............) to a digital system and the system sends a ............... back to the user
Request, Response
164
# Fill The Blank:
An API uses ............ to send and receive requests
JSON
165
# Fill The Blank:
An API needs appropriate certificates for the data that is being accessed with a ............ or ............... certificate being preferred over Public for privacy
Partner, Private
166
# State:
2 of the most common uses for APIs
2 of:
* Financial Services
* CRM Systems
* Online Retailers
167
# State:
3 ways to categorise data
* Data at rest
* Data in use
* Data in motion
168
# Explain:
Data at rest
Data that is stored and not moving - includes archived data
169
# Explain:
Data in use
Data that is being actively used and/or processed by a user or digital system, also data being used by a device to function
170
# Explain:
Data in motion
Also known as data in transit, when data is moving from one location to another and includes data via the internet or through an internal network
171
# Fill The Blank:
Data in motion is considered to be ........ secure and more susceptible to security ..............
Less, Attacks
