CAGOD Cell-cell communication Flashcards
(37 cards)
Cell-cell communication:
_____
How do cells and tissues “know” how to develop?
_____
Proteins made by a cell that alter behavior and differentiation of adjacent cells
_____
Response to signals at the molecular level. The events within the cell that occur in response to a signal.
Induction and competence
Paracrine factors
Signal transduction
Cell-cell communication:
_____
the signaling molecule
_____
the molecule to which the *** binds, may be located on the plasma membrane
ligand
receptor protein
What determines the type of cell signaling? (2)
How far signaling molecule from receptor
Where receptor is located
Types of cell signaling (4)
Cell targets itself
Cell signals nearby cell
Cell signals distant cell
Cell targets neighboring cell through gap junction
Types of cell signaling (4)
Autocrine signaling
Paracrine signaling
Endocrine signaling
Direct signaling
Types of binding:
_____What type of signaling does it occur?
Identical adhesion molecule at an adjacent cell
non-identical adhesion molecule at an adjacent cell
Types of binding:
Juxtacrine signaling
Homophilic binding
Heterophilic binding
Types of receptors:
_____ Found in the CYTOPLASM, they respond to ____ molecules which are able to travel across the plasma membrane. The proteins usually act as regulators of mRNA synthesis to mediate gene expression.
_____ Found in the PLASMA MEMBRANE, they respond to _____ molecules to perform ____ where an extracellular signal is converted into an intercellular signal
Types of receptors:
Internal receptors, hydrophobic ligand molecules
Cell-surface receptors, hydrophilic ligand molecules
Signal transduction
Types of receptors (subclasses):
_____
ion channel that opens in response to a ligand
_____
receptor is an enzyme that is activated by ligand
_____
A G-protein (bound to GTP) assists in transmitting the signal
Types of receptors (subclasses):
Channel linked receptors
Enzymatic receptors
G protein-coupled receptors
Three stages of signal transduction (3)
_____ of extracellular signal by cell
_____ of signal from outside of cell to inside
_____ response is initiated/occurs within cell
Three stages of signal transduction (3)
Reception
Transduction
Cellular response
Development depends on the precise arrangement of tissues and cells.
_____ Interaction between two or more cells with different properties
______ the tissue that produces the SIGNAL: that changes cellular behavior of the other tissues
______ tissue being induced; the target tissue
______ competence of a cell to respond to a signal
Induction
Inducer
Responder
Competence
Induction - vertebrate eye development:
_____ from the brain make contact with the _____ which causes the development of the eye
______ (tissue thickening) induced in head by contact with neural tissue, this structure then induces brain to form _____ which is the pigment layer and neural retina
Optic vesicles
Surface ectoderm
Lens placode
Optic cup
Competence factors:
During lens induction _____ is expressed in the head but not anywhere else, thus it is a competence factor
Proven in experiment with rats with development in ____ but not the ____, caused by incompetent surface ectoderm
Pax6
Wild type rats
Pax6 mutant rats
Inducers:
There are usually multiple inducers.
The first inducers are likely the ____ and ____
The second inducers is _____
Pharyngeal endoderm
Heart-forming mesoderm
Anterior neural plate
Optic vesicle inducers:
______ (_____)
- ______ and ____
______(_____)
-_____
those (sub*)inducers along with Pax6 activate the lens-specific _____ gene
BMP4 (Bone Morphogenic protein 4)
- Sox2 & Sox3
Fgf8 (Fibroblast growth factor 8)
- L-maf
Crystallin
What stage does the endoderm develop?
What stage does the cardiac and mesoderm develop?
What stage does the retina develop?
Gastrula
in-between
Neurula
Inductive interactions:
______ (loosely packed cells) plays an instructive role to _____ (sheets or tubes of connected cells originating from any germ layer)
mesenchyme
epithelial cells
Mouse lens - reciptocal induction:
A structure does not need to be fully differentiated in order to have a function
The optic vesicle induces before it becomes ____
The ____ reciprocates by inducing the optic vesicle before the lens forms its characteristics fibers
Retina
lens placode
Types of interactions (2)
_____
a signal from the inducer is REQUIRED for initiation new gene expression, cell not capable of differentiating
_____
Tissue has already specified but needs environmental change to allow expression of differentiated tissue
Instructive interaction
Permissive interaction
18 ONWARDS IS CRAMMED
Permissive example, tissues need to develop in _____
_____ source of the mesenchyme determines the structure of the epithelial derivative
fibronectin
Regional specificity
Epithelial derivatives (5)
Hair
Scales
Feathers
Mammary glands
Sweat glands
_____ epithelial response is limited to genomic capability
____ and ____ discovered that mesenchyme induces epithelial structures.
Also performed transplantation of tissues leading to _____ which is an organism made up of two or more indivs
_____ epithelial response is limited to genomic capability
Genetic specificity
Hans spermann
Oscar schotte
Chimeras
What are the inducer molecules called? _____ or _____
Paracrine factors OR Growth and DIfferentiation Factors (GDF)
Types of Paracrine Factor families (4):
Fibroblast growth factor (FGF)
Hedgehog family
Wingless gamily
TGF-B superfamily
____ common way to change activity of a protein
_____ enzyme that adds a phosphate to a protein
_____ enzyme that removes a phosphate from a protein
Phosphorylation
Protein kinase
Phosphatase
