calcium

Question 1

which vitamin promotes calcium and phosphate absorption from gut?

Answer 1

Vit D

Question 2

hypercalcaemia is due to which 2 main pathologies?

Answer 2

malignancy
hyperparathyroidism

Question 3

what is the effect of hypercalcaemia on parathyroid levels?

Answer 3

normally suppresses PTH

Question 4

what is the test to differentiate between causes of hypercalcaemia?

Answer 4

PTH

if calcium is raised and PTH is detecteable… the driver is Parathyroidism

if not detectable / appropriately switched of -> malignancy

Question 5

which 3 malignancies secret PTHrP?

Answer 5

breast
lung
squamous cell tumours

Question 6

treatment of hypercalceamia includes..

Answer 6

3-4 liters of saline
pamidronate
treat underlying cause

Question 7

cause of primary hyperparathyroidsism?

Answer 7

adenoma

Question 8

causes of secondary hyperparathyrodism?

Answer 8

hypocalcaemia (renal failure)

Question 9

treatment of secondary hyperparathyrodism?

Answer 9

vit d replacement

Question 10

hyperparathyrodism leads to which bone pathology

Answer 10

XS PTH -> bone resoption -> osteoporosis

Question 11

how is osteoporosis measured?

Answer 11

DEXA

down to -1 = normal
between -1 and -2.5 osteopenia
less than -2.5 osteoporosis

Question 12

raised ALP alone (normal calcium) has 2 key causes:

Answer 12

puberty (growth)
fracture

Question 13

raised ALP + high calcium is caused by:

Answer 13

hyperparthryroidism

Question 14

raised ALP alone + high OR normal calcium has 2 key causes:

Answer 14

malignancy
pagets

Question 15

common causes of hypomagnesaemia

Answer 15

AKI
Diuretics
diarrhoea
pancreatitis
etoh
DKA
hypercalcaemia

Question 16

which cardiac abnormality is caused by hypomagnesaemia?

Answer 16

ventricular arrhythmias

Question 17

fat soluble vitamins include:

Answer 17

ADEK

Question 18

Deficiency in Vitamin A leads to which visual disturbance?

Answer 18

Night blindness

Question 19

Deficiency in which Vitamin causes spino-cerebellar degeneration?

Answer 19

Vitamin E

Question 20

What is the role of vitamin A?

Answer 20

Component of visual pigment.
Maintenance of epithelia.

Question 21

water soluble vitamins are:

Answer 21

B1, B2, B6, B12,
Niacin
C

Question 22

Deficiency of Vitamin B1 is often caused by

Answer 22

(thiamin)
Alcoholism / Dietary

Question 23

Thiamin deficiency leads to which neurological syndromes?

Answer 23

Dry beri-beri: symmetrical polyneuropathy

Wet beri-beri: peripheral vasodilation / heart failure

Wernicke -Korsakoff

Question 24

Niacin deficiency leads to which syndrome?

Answer 24

Pellagra
- dermatitis, diarrhoea, dementia.

Question 25

B12 deficiency is known as.... causes .....

Answer 25

cyano-cobalamin penicious anaemia + sub-acute combined degeneration of the spinal cord

Question 26

vitamin B6 is known as.... deficiency leads to ....

Answer 26

pyridoxine peripheral neuropathy dermatitis