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Calcium & Iron & other Minerals Flashcards

(73 cards)

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0
Q

Where is most of the body’s Ca+?

A

In bones & teeth (99%)

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1
Q

What is the most abundant mineral in the body?

A

Ca+

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2
Q

Calcium salts from crystals

A

Hydroxyapatite

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3
Q

What does calcium balance depend on?

A

Vitamin D

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4
Q

When Ca+ in the body is low what is present?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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5
Q

When Ca+ balance in the body is high, what is present?

A

Calcitonin hormone

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6
Q

What 3 organ systems respond to calcium?

A
  • intestines~ vit. D
  • bones~ osteoclasts
  • kidneys~ rid/keep
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7
Q

Above NL; muscles harden & contract, can’t relax

A

Calcium rigor

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8
Q

Below NL; uncontrolled muscle contraction; spasms of extremities r/t muscular excitability

A

Calcium tetany

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9
Q

Calcium rigor & calcium tetany aren’t due to lack of diet, what are they caused by?

A

Lack of vit. D or hormones

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10
Q

Factors that enhance Ca+ absorption?

A

Vit. D, stomach acid

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11
Q

Factors that inhibit Ca+ absorption?

A

Fiber, phytates (whole grains, legumes, seeds), oxalates (some veggies like spinach & sweet potatoes)

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12
Q

What is the recommended AI of Ca+?

A

1000mg (19-50yr)

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13
Q

What is the UL that has been established for Ca+ ?

A

2500mg

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14
Q

Which hormone activates vit. D & which hormone inactivated it?

A

Parathyroid/act., calcitonin/inact.

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15
Q

What is the bioavailability of Ca+ in spinach to be equivalent to 1c. of milk?

A

8c.

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16
Q

Highest attainable bone density, 1st 3 decades of life, achieve by late 20s

A

Peak bone mass

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17
Q

Low bone mass

A

Osteopenia

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18
Q

Silent disease, apparent later in life, bones become fragile and more likely to be fractured

A

Osteoporosis

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19
Q

What is the greatest predictor of osteoporosis?

A

Age

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20
Q

Why are elderly most likely to obtain osteoporosis?

A

Because vit. D not converted to active form and the have less intakes, go outdoors less, and often have kidney problems

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21
Q

Drug that stops osteoclasts form. breaking down bones (calcitonin hormone)

A

Antiresorptive agents

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22
Q

Drugs that stimulates bone formation (parathyroid hormone)

A

Anabolic agents

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23
Q

What type of physical activity can help keep bones strong & support them?

A

Weight-bearing (like walking)

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24
How are trace minerals different from minerals?
They depend of soil & h2o composition, they depend on food processing, can affect people of all ages, are difficult to recognize, toxicities hinder FDA regulations of supplements
25
What 2 forms does iron switch back & forth between?
Ferrous & Ferric
26
Iron +2 (reduced state)
Ferrous
27
Iron +3 (oxidized state)
Ferric
28
Iron whose store pro is in small intestine, Fe surplus storage form in liver
Ferritin
29
Fe transport pro, delivers Fe to bone marrow (RBC)
Transferrin
30
In foods bound to pro, only in flesh if animal, 10% Fe consumed/day, but well absorbed, not influenced by diet
Heme iron
31
Not bound to pro, 90% Fe consumed/day, but less well absorbed, several dietary factors affect absorption
Non-heme iron
32
Meat, fish, poultry-polypeptide Promotes nonheme absorption from other foods eaten @ same meal
MFP
33
What are the 3 factors that enhance nonheme?
1. MFP 2. Vit. C~ high nonheme absorption from foods eaten @ same meal, capture Fe in 2+ form, ready for absorption 3. Some Acids & sugars (Citric acid & lactic)
34
What are the 4 factors that inhibit nonheme?
- phytates~legumes, whole grains, rice - veggie pros~ soybeans, legumes, nuts - Ca+ in milk - polyphenols (tannic acid) in tea, coffee, red wine, oregano
35
Over several days what are the most relevant inhibiting/ enhancing factors?
MFP, vit. C, & phytates
36
Absorbs more when stores are low or needs more (pregnancy)
Irons status
37
Another Fe storage pro made when Fe high/in excess
Hemosiderin
38
How can Fe be recycled?
After 4 months it is degrade but recycle by being attached to transferrin and then taken back to bone marrow and then makes new RBC
39
Hormone from liver that regulated Fe balance
Hepcidin
40
Severe depletion if Fe stores results in low Hgb & small, pale RBC (hypochromic/microcytic)
Iron deficiency anemia
41
What is the most common deficiency worldwide?
Iron deficiency anemia
42
What populations in the U.S. are affected by iron deficient anemia?
Toddlers, teen girls, women if child bearing age and in reproductive yrs, pregnant women, infants, teen males
43
True/false iron deficiency & iron deficiency anemia are the same.
False. | Fe deficiency~deplete Fe w/o regard to degree depletion, where as Fe deficiency anemia~severe depletion of Fe stores
44
Causes a craving & consumption if no food substances
Pica
45
Condition deposits of hemosiderin in liver, heart, joints
Hemosiderosis
46
What are the signs/symptoms of Fe toxicity?
Lethargy and fatigue
47
How can the overload of Fe toxicity be measured?
By transferrin saturation & serum ferritin
48
What 3 things may occur if there is excess Fe consumed and no enough transport Fe?
- heart disease - cancer - iron poisoning
49
What are the food sources of iron?
MFP has most, milk has least, grains (enriched, fortified, whole), dark green veggies, dried fruit, legumes, eggs
50
What is the RDA of iron?
- women 18mg - men 8mg - men veg. 8x1.8=14mg - women veg. 18x1.8=32mg
51
Which mineral is the principal intercellular anion that helps maintains fluid, electrolyte balance, & cell integrity?
Potassium (K+)
52
Which mineral is the major anion of extracellular fluids an helps maintain fluid & electrolyte balance?
Chloride (Cl-)
53
Too little Na+ in blood from losses not from inadequate intake
Hypoatremia
54
Dietary approaches to stop hypertension w/ low Na+ intake
Dash diet
55
What is the dietary guideline of Na+/d?
1tsp
56
What is the UL of NaCl for adults?
2300mg
57
Which mineral is the principal cation of extracellular fluid that participates in acid-base balance?
Sodium (Na+)
58
What's the AI for Na+?
1500mg (19-50yrs)
59
Which minerals participate in fluid balance?
Na+, Cl-, K+
60
Which minerals participate in bone health?
Ca+, Mg+, P-
61
Which electrolytes are outside the cell? Which are inside?
Outside- sodium & chloride | Inside- potassium, magnesium, phosphate, & sulfate
62
Because sodium-potassium pump requires ATP it is what kind of transport?
Active because it needs facilitator & energy
63
Ions that are inside the cell like Na+ are called? Ions outside the cell like Cl- are called?
Inside- cations | Outside- anions
64
If blood volume or BP too low what 4 things occur?
1. Antidiuretic hormone released-hypothalamus stimulate pituitary gland 2. Renin- kidneys reabsorb Na+ 3. Angiotensin- angiotensinogen to angiotensin I which is then converted to the active form~ angiotensin II 4. Aldosterone- released from adrenal glands, signals kidneys to excrete K+ & Na+ is retained
65
What's the AI for h2o?
-men 3.7L/d -women 2.7L/d (Needs vary-2000kcal)
66
What are the sources of h2o?
- h2o - beverages - foods - condensation reactions - oxidation of energy~yielding nutrients
67
What type of cellular fluid is outside cell? Inside cell?
Outside- extracelluar (interstitial, intravacular) | Inside- intracellular
68
What are the functions of H2O?
- carries nutrients & waste - maintains structure of large molecules & blood volume - participate in metabolic reactions - acts as a solvent - lubricant & cushion - aids in regulation of body temp.
69
How much body weight is lost @ the start of dehydration?
1-2% but symptoms get more severe after that
70
How many milligrams of Ca+ is in an 8oz. glass of milk?
300mg
71
How much Fe is in 3oz. of beef?
2mg
72
What parts of the body does osteoporosis affect?
Hips, wrist, and spine

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