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SM 408 > Calcium & Its Conditions > Flashcards

Calcium & Its Conditions Flashcards

(66 cards)

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1
Q

What are the two most common causes of hypercalcemia

A

primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC)

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2
Q

What are the main causes of hyperparathyroidism

A

adenoma hyperplasia and tertiary hyperparathyroidism of renal failure

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3
Q

Which granulomatous disorders can cause hypercalcemia

A

tuberculosis and sarcoidosis

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4
Q

Which endocrine disorders can lead to hypercalcemia

A

hyperthyroidism and adrenal insufficiency

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5
Q

Which medications can contribute to hypercalcemia

A

vitamin D preparations thiazides and vitamin A

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6
Q

What are two miscellaneous causes of hypercalcemia

A

aluminum toxicity and acute renal failure

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7
Q

What symptoms can mild hypercalcemia cause

A

fatigue depressed affect and asthenia

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8
Q

How does hypercalcemia cause dehydration

A

increased calcium leads to hypercalciuria and water loss

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9
Q

What cognitive effects can severe hypercalcemia cause

A

impaired concentration memory loss stupor and coma

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10
Q

What cardiovascular effects can hypercalcemia cause

A

bradycardia QT shortening AV block and arrhythmias

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11
Q

What is the first test for diagnosing hypercalcemia

A

serum intact PTH level

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12
Q

If hypercalcemia is present and PTH is elevated what is the likely diagnosis

A

primary hyperparathyroidism

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13
Q

If PTH is low and malignancy is present what is suspected

A

malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC)

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14
Q

What is the first step in treating hypercalcemia

A

rehydration with isotonic saline

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15
Q

After rehydration what treatment can help excrete calcium

A

loop diuretics

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16
Q

Which drug acts fastest to reduce calcium levels

A

calcitonin

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17
Q

What is the standard treatment for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia

A

bisphosphonates

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18
Q

How is hypocalcemia defined

A

abnormally low serum ionized calcium

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19
Q

What are three main causes of hypocalcemia

A

low PTH PTH resistance and abnormal calcium metabolism

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20
Q

What are common causes of reduced or absent PTH secretion

A

surgery infiltrative diseases and radiation

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21
Q

Which conditions cause PTH resistance

A

pseudohypoparathyroidism and hypomagnesemia

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22
Q

What can cause hypocalcemia despite normal or high PTH levels

A

hyperphosphatemia vitamin D malabsorption and hungry bone syndrome

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23
Q

What is the hallmark sign of hypocalcemia

A

tetany

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24
Q

What is the earliest symptom of hypocalcemia

A

perioral and fingertip paresthesias

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25
What is Trousseau’s sign
carpal spasm when inflating a BP cuff above systolic pressure
26
What is Chvostek’s sign
facial muscle twitching when tapping the facial nerve
27
What is the first step in diagnosing hypocalcemia
confirming low ionized calcium
28
What should be measured if hypocalcemia is confirmed
serum PTH level
29
What does low PTH in hypocalcemia indicate
hypoparathyroidism
30
What is the emergency treatment for severe hypocalcemia
IV calcium gluconate
31
What should be corrected if hypomagnesemia is present
magnesium levels
32
What is the goal calcium range for long-term hypocalcemia management
8.5 to 9.2 mg/dL
33
What is the preferred long-term treatment for hypocalcemia
calcium supplements with vitamin D metabolite
34
What are the two most common causes of hypercalcemia
primary hyperparathyroidism and malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC)
35
What are the main causes of hyperparathyroidism
adenoma hyperplasia and tertiary hyperparathyroidism of renal failure
36
Which granulomatous disorders can cause hypercalcemia
tuberculosis and sarcoidosis
37
Which endocrine disorders can lead to hypercalcemia
hyperthyroidism and adrenal insufficiency
38
Which medications can contribute to hypercalcemia
vitamin D preparations thiazides and vitamin A
39
What are two miscellaneous causes of hypercalcemia
aluminum toxicity and acute renal failure
40
What symptoms can mild hypercalcemia cause
fatigue depressed affect and asthenia
41
How does hypercalcemia cause dehydration
increased calcium leads to hypercalciuria and water loss
42
What cognitive effects can severe hypercalcemia cause
impaired concentration memory loss stupor and coma
43
What cardiovascular effects can hypercalcemia cause
bradycardia QT shortening AV block and arrhythmias
44
What is the first test for diagnosing hypercalcemia
serum intact PTH level
45
If hypercalcemia is present and PTH is elevated what is the likely diagnosis
primary hyperparathyroidism
46
If PTH is low and malignancy is present what is suspected
malignancy-associated hypercalcemia (MAHC)
47
What is the first step in treating hypercalcemia
rehydration with isotonic saline
48
After rehydration what treatment can help excrete calcium
loop diuretics
49
Which drug acts fastest to reduce calcium levels
calcitonin
50
What is the standard treatment for malignancy-associated hypercalcemia
bisphosphonates
51
How is hypocalcemia defined
abnormally low serum ionized calcium
52
What are three main causes of hypocalcemia
low PTH PTH resistance and abnormal calcium metabolism
53
What are common causes of reduced or absent PTH secretion
surgery infiltrative diseases and radiation
54
Which conditions cause PTH resistance
pseudohypoparathyroidism and hypomagnesemia
55
What can cause hypocalcemia despite normal or high PTH levels
hyperphosphatemia vitamin D malabsorption and hungry bone syndrome
56
What is the hallmark sign of hypocalcemia
tetany
57
What is the earliest symptom of hypocalcemia
perioral and fingertip paresthesias
58
What is Trousseau’s sign
carpal spasm when inflating a BP cuff above systolic pressure
59
What is Chvostek’s sign
facial muscle twitching when tapping the facial nerve
60
What is the first step in diagnosing hypocalcemia
confirming low ionized calcium
61
What should be measured if hypocalcemia is confirmed
serum PTH level
62
What does low PTH in hypocalcemia indicate
hypoparathyroidism
63
What is the emergency treatment for severe hypocalcemia
IV calcium gluconate
64
What should be corrected if hypomagnesemia is present
magnesium levels
65
What is the goal calcium range for long-term hypocalcemia management
8.5 to 9.2 mg/dL
66
What is the preferred long-term treatment for hypocalcemia
calcium supplements with vitamin D metabolite

SM 408 (15 decks)

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