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Question

The Surprising Reason that There Are So Many Thai Restaurants in America

Answer 1

- **Thai Gastrodiplomacy in the U.S.**: - Despite having only 300,000 Thai-Americans, there are an estimated 5,342 Thai restaurants. - Comparatively, 36 million Mexican-Americans and 5 million Chinese-Americans support around 54,000 Mexican restaurants. - **Global Thai Restaurant Initiative (2001)**: - Thai government established the Global Thai Restaurant Company, Ltd. - Aimed to establish at least 3,000 Thai restaurants worldwide. - Ministry of Commerce’s Department of Export Promotion set up training schools to export Thai chefs. - **Restaurant Models**: - **Elephant Jump**: Fast casual, $5 to $15 per person. - **Cool Basil**: Mid-priced, $15 to $25 per person. - **Golden Leaf**: Mid to high-end, $25 to $30 per person, with authentic Thai décor. - **Support and Quality Control**: - Export-Import Bank of Thailand offered loans to aspiring Thai restaurateurs. - Public Health Ministry published "A Manual for Thai Chefs Going Abroad" in 2002. - "Thai Select" certificates awarded to maintain quality. - Thai diplomats in the U.S. supported logistics, strategy, and authentic product procurement. - **Global Influence and Similar Initiatives**: - Inspired by Thailand’s success: - **South Korea**: Korean Cuisine to the World campaign (2009). - **Taiwan**: Similar initiatives. - **Peru**: "Cocina Peruana Para el Mundo." - **Malaysia**: "Malaysia Kitchen for the World 2010." - **North Korea**: Opening 100 Pyongyang restaurants featuring musical performances.

Answer 2

In 2008, the Korean government launched the "Global Hansik" campaign to make Korean food one of the five most popular ethnic foods in the world, initiating plans to create a 50-billion-won fund and open Korean cooking classes at world-renowned cooking schools. Hansik means traditional Korean cuisine of the Joseon Dynasty, which ruled Korea from 1392 to 1897. One of the key spokespersons for Global Hansik is First lady Kim Yoon-ok, who said, "The globalization of hansik will not only help expand hallyu (the Korean culture wave) but help enhance Korea's global reputation."

Answer 3

- **Promotion of National Cuisine**: - Underexplored in many regions, especially in Latin America. - **Peru**: Notable exception with an official culinary diplomacy program. - **Peruvian Culinary Diplomacy Program (2011)**: - Sought UNESCO recognition for its cuisine as intangible cultural heritage. - Initial application denied, aiming for recognition of gastronomic, historical, and symbolic importance. - **Cocina Peruana Para El Mundo Campaign**: - Promoted by **Peruvian chef Gaston Acurio**, owner of multiple restaurants and co-creator of the documentary *Perú Sabe* with **Spanish chef Ferran Adrià**. - Highlights Peru's multicultural national identity. - Emphasizes cultural diversity, entrepreneurship, and competitiveness. - **Media and Culinary Champions**: - Strategic use of media and influential chefs. - Achieved international prestige for Peruvian cuisine. - Peru won the World's Leading Culinary Destination award every year from 2012.

Answer 4

**Initiative Name**: Malaysia Kitchen for the World - **Launch Year**: 2010 - **Purpose**: - Educate and inform consumers about Malaysian cuisine and restaurants globally. - Promote Malaysia's image as a multicultural and vibrant country. - **Main Focus Countries**: - United Kingdom - United States - China - New Zealand - **Key Activities**: - Sending Malaysian gastro diplomats to international events and food festivals, including night markets. - Participating in events in influential cities such as: - Los Angeles - New York - London - Investing in international Malaysian restaurants. - **Specific Campaigns**: - Boosting interest among American food lovers to try Malaysian cuisine. - Promoting Malaysian restaurants in the New York metropolitan area and other locations in the United States. - **Support for Local Chefs and Restaurateurs**: - Facilitating the introduction of Malaysian cuisine in local establishments worldwide. - **Historical Context and Culinary Influence**: - Malaysian cuisine's richness is a result of multicultural interaction. - Influences from traders from Persia, India, Arab, Indonesia, and China. - Malacca as the historical center of Inter-Asian trade. - **Relevant Academic Reference**: - Mohd Nazri Abdul Raji, 2017

Answer 5

- **Country**: Taiwan - **Significance of Food**: - Major attraction for tourists. - 60.7% of international respondents (primarily from Asian countries) cited Taiwan’s specialty foods as a main reason for visiting. - **Campaign Name**: All in Good Taste: Savor the Flavors of Taiwan - **Launch Year**: 2010 - **Budget**: £20 million - **Sponsoring Organization**: Taiwan's Ministry of Economic Affairs - **Campaign Activities**: - Promoting Taiwanese venues internationally. - Sponsoring chefs. - Hosting food festivals and competitions. - Emphasizing key Taiwanese foods like bubble tea, oyster omelette, and traditional night markets. - **Purpose**: - Bolster tourism sector. - Conduct diplomacy in countries with limited official ties. - **Trends and Efforts**: - Reflecting Taiwan’s changing identity. - Increasing awareness of the diversity of Taiwanese food beyond beef noodles and xiao long bao. - **Grassroots Efforts**: - Utilizing social media. - Using video streaming platforms (check out this video). - Publishing English-language cookbooks. - Specialized retail to reach foreign audiences organically.

Answer 6

Pyongyang Restaurant Chain - **Restaurant Chain Name**: Pyongyang - **Named After**: The capital of North Korea - **Number of Locations**: Around 130 worldwide - **Ownership**: Haedanghwa Group (an organization of the North Korean government) - **Cuisine**: - Kimchi dishes - Pyongyang cold noodles - Barbecued cuttlefish - Dog meat soup - **Additional Products**: North Korean products such as ginseng wine - **Pricing**: Relatively high, in US dollars - **Locations**: - Near the North Korean border in China - Beijing - Shanghai - Expanded to other Asian countries, including Russia, since the 2000s - **Target Audience**: - Initially catered to South Korean businessmen in Southeast Asia - Now popular with curious tourists - **Staff**: - Young Korean women in traditional Chosŏn-ot dress - Perform karaoke, song, and dance routines in the style of North Korean Mass Games - Typically work on three-year contracts - Often highly trained graduates of arts colleges - **Policies**: - Photography generally not permitted inside - **Issues**: Has become a source of defection for young North Korean women

Answer 7

The Spectacle of Culture - Student Art-House Film - **Film Title**: The Spectacle of Culture - **Genre**: Docudrama - **Theme**: Message for business in education and training, tourism and hospitality, and sectors promoting culture and cultural experiences for young people - **Context**: Produced within a second-year intercultural skills course at ESCP - **Creators**: - Leo Casares (Director) - Ludovica Marocchesi Marzi - Nicolas Moingeon - Alessandro Monte - **Institution**: ESCP (Europe's top business school) - **Purpose**: - Question and challenge the assignment itself, the programme, ESCP, and contemporary capitalism - **Concept**: Commodification of culture and its consequences - **Definition**: Commodification means turning cultural items into commodities for sale - **Risks**: Culture-washing can lead to a loss of trust, credibility, and authenticity among the audience Avoiding the Commodification of Culture 1. **Facilitate Meaningful Cultural Exchange**: - **Example**: Eatwith - Operates in many countries - Invites locals to host visitors for food experiences, generally in their own homes - **Example**: Workaway - Focuses on working alongside locals in exchange for accommodation 2. **Leverage Authenticity in Branding and Marketing Strategies**: - Showcase real stories, genuine experiences, and transparent messaging - Aligns with the organization’s values and resonates with the target audience - **Example**: Pepsi Refresh Project - Pepsi funded community projects proposed and chosen by consumers through an online voting platform 3. **Embrace Personalization and Customization**: - Allow audience a sense of ownership and control over their interactions with the brand - Empower them to co-create or customize their experiences through technology - **Example**: Copal.ai - A California-based tech startup - Offers individualized, real-time translation of (lecture) videos among other features - Emerged from the diverse higher education sector

Answer 8

Authentic Travel and Tourist Gaze - Key Information and Stakeholders - **Blogger Sam Woolfe**: - Reflects on how authentic travel can be negatively ego-driven. - Discusses the concept of the "tourist gaze," where local people and their culture are viewed as objects for tourist consumption. - **John Urry (Sociologist)**: - Developed the concept of the "tourist gaze." - Explored in his 1990 book *The Tourist Gaze*. - Compares the tourist gaze to Michel Foucault's "medical gaze." - Highlights 9 common points of tourism; three relevant points include: - Many people travel for non-ordinary pleasure and unusual scenes. - Tourism offers experiences different from everyday life. - Authenticity is not central to tourism. - **Michel Foucault (French Philosopher)**: - Coined the term "medical gaze" in his book *The Birth of a Clinic* (1963). - Described the dehumanizing way doctors viewed patients, separating body from identity. - **Dean MacCannell (Professor and Chair of Landscape Architecture, UC Davis)**: - Argues that all tourists seek authenticity. - Describes the quest for authenticity as a modern version of the universal human concern with the sacred. - Views tourists as contemporary pilgrims seeking authenticity in other times and places. - **Andrew Johnson (Anthropologist, Yale-NUS College)**: - Claims authenticity is unrelated to a country’s culture. - Describes authenticity as part of "the game of the tourist." - **David Sze (Writer)**: - Views authenticity as a label used by travelers to distinguish themselves. - Suggests it is a marker of Bourdieuian distinction to prove knowledge, adventurousness, and being off-the-beaten track. Key Concepts - **Tourist Gaze**: - Concept where local people and their culture are objectified by tourists. - Developed by John Urry. - **Medical Gaze**: - Concept by Michel Foucault signifying a dehumanizing view of patients by doctors. Critical Ideas - **Exoticism**: - The search for something truly different and foreign. - Can lead to disrespectful behavior by tourists, such as invading privacy and taking unauthorized photos. - **Authenticity in Tourism**: - Debated value and relevance in the context of tourism. - Different experts provide varying perspectives on its significance and impact.

Answer 9

- **International Ninja Research Center at Mie University** - Located 40 miles southwest of Kyoto, near the historical Iga region. - Aims to decode the historical truth behind ninja legends. - Houses historical documents, novels, movies, and cartoons shaping the modern ninja image. - **Key Figure**: Not specified in the provided text. - **Historical Basis of Ninjas** - Originated from traditional elements of warfare (spying, subterfuge, assassination) in Japan's Iga region. - Historical records first mention "shinobi" in 1541, describing a secretive attack on Kasagi castle by Iga-shū mercenaries. - Originally an adverb, "shinobi" evolved into a noun by the early 17th century, associated with Iga warriors. - **Historian**: Stephen Turnbull, expert in Japanese military history. - **Development of Ninja Phenomenon** - **18th Century**: Military manuals discussed spying techniques, emphasizing disguise. - Japanese woodblock prints depicted secretive attacks, influencing the image of black-clad assassins. - Idea of the black ninja robe became popularized despite prints not specifically depicting ninjas. - **Historian**: Stephen Turnbull, attributing the development of the black ninja robe concept to Japanese artists. - **Modern Ninja Myth** - **Mid-20th Century**: Seiko Fujita, Japanese martial arts historian, and the mayor of Iga promoted the region as the "heartland of the ninja." - Revived old illustrations of throwing stars from 19th-century manuals as ninja weapons. - 1962 film "Shinobi no Mono" solidified the modern ninja myth with black robes, specialized weapons, secrecy, martial arts prowess, and selfless sacrifice. - **Key Figures**: Seiko Fujita (Japanese martial arts historian) and the mayor of Iga (not named in the text). - **Conclusion** - Blend of historical elements and creative reinterpretation by enthusiasts contributed to the global fascination with ninjas.

Answer 10

Wanted: six full-time ninjas who have a way with words and can do backward handsprings. Pay: about $1,600 a month. Central Japan's Aichi prefecture said it is hiring full-time ninjas -- the martial-arts masters and stealth special assassins of feudal times -- to promote tourism in the area known for historic Nagoya castle. And last year, governors and mayors from prefectures around the country traded their usual suits for ninja costumes to announce the launch of a "ninja council". The not-so-stealthy move comes as local governments turn to tourism as an economic growth driver ahead of the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.

Answer 11

“Hakuna matata” is a Swahili phrase; translated, it roughly means “No worries”. It is formed by the words hakuna (there is not here) and matata (plural form of problem). The phrase has been popularized by its use in The Lion King (in which it is translated as “no worries” in a song named after the phrase), so that it is heard often at resorts, hotels, and other places appealing to the tourist trade. The phrase is in more common use in Zanzibar and Kenya. The phrase is uncommon among native speakers of Swahili in Tanzania, who prefer the phrase “hamna shida” in the north and “hamna tabu” in the south.This just shows what the tourist think is local is not authentic at all.

Answer 12

- **San Francisco Chinatown** - **Origins**: Established around 1848 by Chinese immigrants during the Gold Rush. - **Early Relations**: Initially welcomed but faced increasing hostility from white San Franciscans. - **Chinese Exclusion Act**: Passed in 1882, severely restricting Chinese immigration. - **Anti-Chinese Sentiment**: Included riots and discriminatory proposals from city officials. - **1906 Earthquake and Fire** - **Impact**: Devastated Chinatown, prompting redevelopment efforts. - **Collaboration**: White architects worked with Chinatown leaders to redesign the neighborhood. - **Goal**: Create an exotic, tourist-friendly destination to reshape its image and boost economy. - **Architectural Transformation** - **Architects**: Firm of Ross and Burgren. - **Buildings**: Sing Fat and Sing Chong, located at California Street and Grant Avenue. - **Style**: Pseudo-Oriental with pagoda towers and curved eaves, reflecting Westernized Oriental ideals. - **Outcome** - **Success**: Chinatown became a successful tourist attraction with economic revitalization. - **Preservation**: Efforts ensured the neighborhood's survival and prevented further attempts to dismantle it. - **Legacy**: Continues to be one of San Francisco’s major tourist destinations with its iconic pseudo-Oriental architecture. - **Key Figures** - **Architects**: Ross and Burgren, responsible for designing Sing Fat and Sing Chong buildings. - **Leaders**: Chinatown leaders collaborated with architects to create the new Chinatown image. - **City Officials**: Involved in anti-Chinese sentiment and proposals during the neighborhood's early history.

Answer 13

Certainly! Here’s a summarized breakdown of the key points from the text: Motivations for Dark Tourism - **Curiosity**: Primary motivation for many visitors to dark tourist locations. - **Personal Connection**: Tourists often seek or feel a connection to the historical events or tragedies associated with the site. - **Education**: Many visitors view these sites as opportunities to learn about significant historical events and their impact. - **Celebration of Survival**: Some tourists visit to commemorate survival or resilience in the face of adversity. Criticisms of Dark Tourism - **Touristification**: Critics argue that dark tourism can turn tragedies and places of death into mere tourist attractions, simplifying complex historical narratives for consumer consumption. - **Ethical Concerns**: Heather Lewis emphasizes the importance of ethical and moral considerations in promoting and using dark tourism destinations. - **Exploitation**: There’s a concern that economic gain should never come at the expense of exploiting the suffering and loss experienced by others. Expert Perspective - **Heather Lewis, Assistant Professor at Troy University** - Stresses the need for ethical and moral integrity in the marketing and utilization of dark tourism locations. - Advocates for respectful engagement with the sensitive historical contexts of these sites, ensuring they are treated with dignity and sensitivity. Conclusion Dark tourism attracts visitors for a variety of reasons, including curiosity, personal connection, education, and commemoration. However, it also faces criticism for potentially trivializing or exploiting tragic events. Ethical considerations are crucial to ensure that these sites are respected and used responsibly, without exploiting the suffering of those involved.

Answer 14

The 20th anniversary of 9/11 serves as a poignant moment as thousands, including many children, visit memorial sites in New York City, Washington, D.C., and Shanksville, Pennsylvania. Mary Margaret Kerr, a professor at the University of Pittsburgh School of Education and Psychiatry, is deeply interested in how children understand such tragedies. She is actively involved in the Flight 93 National Memorial's Junior Ranger program, aimed at children aged 6-12. This educational initiative encourages exploration of the memorial through activities involving observation, tactile interaction, writing, and drawing. The program was tested by students from the Fanny Edel Falk Laboratory School at Pitt, focusing on various factors that shape a child's experience, such as prior knowledge, exhibits, interpretation, and interactions with staff and other visitors.

Answer 15

This former prison island in the Bay of San Francisco, USA, is one of the world's premier dark-tourism attractions. Possibly the most legendary ex-prison in history, this famed former maximum-security prison once housed Al Capone & Machine Gun Kelly as well as many other notable names. It was in operation for 29 years and the aspect that former prisoners say they found the most difficult was being able to look across the water and see life continuing as normal in San Francisco. The site is now managed by the National Park Service and as such is open to the public – who come here in droves, which means that at least in summer you have to pre-book tickets well in advance.

Answer 16

Said to be a symbol of what Hiroshima stands for and a prayer for world peace, the Atomic Bomb Dome in Hiroshima has survived both an atomic bomb and the test of time. The dome serves as a reminder of the tragic war that took the lives of so many Japanese citizens. The fact that it survived the first atomic bomb to ever be used in human history will forever awe those who witnessed the aftermath of the bomb and the war. As part of the Hiroshima Peace Memorial Park, the Atomic Bomb Dome can be viewed exactly as it was after the fall of the atomic bomb onto Hiroshima, Japan. Though this location isn’t as dark or frightening to view as others on the list, the history behind the dome and the lives that were lost during the war makes it so.

Answer 17

The site where the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center used to stand in Manhattan, New York, USA. They were destroyed in the terrorist attacks of 9/11 in which nearly 3000 people were killed, the vast majority at the World Trade Center site. It is thus one of the darkest sites in contemporary America and certainly the most talked about one. An official national memorial was inaugurated in 2011 and in 2014 it was complemented by a dedicated museum at the site. Together they form what has to be considered one of the world's premier dark-tourism sites. But there are also a few smaller-scale attractions related to 9/11 that are also worth seeing.

Answer 18

This is the site of the assassination of Abraham Lincoln, one of the most beloved American presidents, who led the country through Civil War. Lincoln was watching a play at the theatre when he was shot in the back of the head by John Wilkes Booth.

Answer 19

The Chernobyl disaster began on 26 April 1986 with the explosion of the No. 4 reactor of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant and it is the site of one of the worst man-made disasters in the world. Located in Ukraine, formerly USSR, the reactor explosion pumped out radioactive contamination over a huge area, causing widespread human suffering and prompting an entire region to be evacuated. According to the website Dark-tourism.com, the average Chernobyl tour consists of a day trip from Kiev with a short stop at a viewpoint near Reactor 4. Only a very small minority of tourists are allowed inside the plant itself.

Answer 20

World famous volcanic disaster site is also a dark tourism spot, of course, namely for the reason it was preserved so well: the ancient city was covered by volcanic ash in the disastrous eruptions of nearby Mt Vesuvius in the year 79 AD. What has been found here, amongst the glorious mosaics and other cultural relics was the remains of human bodies – of those unfortunate victims. What was actually found was the hollow spaces left by the bodies, which were then filled with plaster to (re)create casts that look like "petrified" bodies. Some of the plaster casts of bodies appear to show a facial expression of calmly having fallen asleep, others seem to display deadly horror, which only amplifies the dark impression.

Answer 21

Paris Catacombs are former underground quarry tunnels filled with the bones of millions of dead reburied here when Paris's regular inner-city cemeteries were closed down at the end of the 18th century. Deliberately designed to cater for visitors with a taste for the macabre, this has been one of the world's most established great classics of dark tourism for over two centuries. By a decree of 9 November 1785, Paris city cemeteries were closed, and all remains were to be removed and reburied in sections of the maze of underground quarry tunnels safely away from the citizens' lives above ground. In the following decades, the remains of millions of dead were relocated to the old quarries in the south of the city. At first, the remains were simply dumped there, only in 1810 it was decided to stack them in an orderly fashion, with femurs and skulls forming patterned wall linings behind which the remaining bones were heaped (out of view).

Answer 22

The word Auschwitz alone stands for the horrors of the Holocaust like no other. It was the largest and most deadly of all the Nazi concentration camps / death camps. The site in the south-east of Poland was turned into a memorial after the end of WWII. Between 1.1 and 1.3 million victims in total, about 1 million Jews. A large proportion murdered in that infamously most "industrialized" fashion: in gas chambers, by means of the specially mass-produced poison gas Zyklon B – cynically it's a pesticide. Auschwitz is actually three locations, and they are very popular with tourist, making it perhaps the most over-toured dark tourism site.

Answer 23

This is really a case of dark tourism gone dark. Titanic was the ship that could never be sunk, but tragically it sunk on her maiden voyage after it collided with an iceberg in the North Atlantic off the Newfoundland coast. Since the wreckage's discovery in 1985 various parties have visited the site via submersible, for treasure hunting and documentaries. After the blockbuster in 1997 and its centennial, Titanic became super popular topic and there are many museums with Titanic artifacts. UPDATE 23 June 2023: a deep-sea submersible (called "Titan") taking tourists down to the wreck of the Titanic has been lost; all five on board perished. Unlikely that tourism is going to be approved anytime soon. This is a case of dark tourism turned extreme-tourism.

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