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Fortress Plant > Call To Arms > Flashcards

Call To Arms Flashcards

1
Q

On what does the type of the warning signal in a plant depend?

A

On the nature of systemic resistance

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2
Q

What are biotrophs?

A

Attackers that need to keep the plant alive

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3
Q

What is the hypersensitive response?

A

The suicide of a cell in order to kill off the invader

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4
Q

What is SAR?

A

Systemic acquired resistance

When distant plant tissues that are not under attack yet are put on alert.

One signaling molecule is salicylic acid

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5
Q

What is ISR?

A

Induced systemic resistance

Is like a vaccine

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6
Q

Example for an ISR

A

When lower leaves of a tabacco plant are inoculated, the other parts of the plant are resistant to the pathogens

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7
Q

How was it possible to undermine the assumption that salicylic acid is the mobile signal in plant defence?

A

By adding a gene to the plant that degrades salicylic acid. Experiments have shown that plants with that gene were still able to develop SAR

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8
Q

What is the signal responsible for alerting distant tissues in tomato plants?

A

Methyl jasmonate

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9
Q

What happens when one plant is treated with methyl jasmonate?

A

Other plants that have not been treated with it also accumilated the defensive proteinase inhibitors. The methyl jasmonate volatilized and acted as an airbone signal

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10
Q

Are the defences activated by jasmonic acid?

A

No, but by modified forms of it, by which it is conjugated to amino acids

One of it being jasmonoylisoleucine (JA-Ile)

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11
Q

What exactly happens when a leaf is wounded by insect attack?

A
  1. Jasmonic acid is synthesized (within 30 sec at wound site, followed just 15 seconds later by accumilation of jasmonic acid at undamaged sites near the wound)
    2.JA-Ile is synthesized
  2. Defences get activated
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12
Q

Why do herbivores often consume small amounts of a leaf before they go to the next one?

A

Because the jasmonic acid gets synthesized

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13
Q

How fast does the wound signal travel?

A

3 - 8cm per minute

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14
Q

What are WASPs?

A

Wound activated surface potential changes

electrical signals that are produced upon wounding and the activation of defences

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15
Q

When do WASPs occur?

A

Only when larvae is feeding on the leafs, not when they walk over it

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16
Q

How fast do these signals travel?

A

9cm per minute

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17
Q

What happens when the electrical signals are received at sites?

A

The defences get turned on

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18
Q

How are these electrical signals generated?

A

By glutamate receptor like (GLR) ion channels

19
Q

How does the electrical signaling work?

A

When an insect herbivore munches on a leaf, the signal is transmitted to other leafs where jasmonic acid is produced, which activates defences

20
Q

How is this electrical wave generated?

A

By a continous relay of cell-membrane depolarization

21
Q

What are one of the messengers triggered rapidly in cells?

A

Calcium

22
Q

What is calcium important for in plants defences?

A

Signal transduction

23
Q

What signals are transmitted between plants that cant talk otherwise?

A

Volatile signals

24
Q

How were volatile signals proven?

A

They put plants in a chamber where they were damaged. They let the air flow in a chamber next to it, and plants got their defences ready

25
Q

How is this air signal called?

A

Volatile plant communication

26
Q

What are volatile signals good for too?

A

To attract predators of herbivores

27
Q

Can volatile „cocktails“ vary?

A

Yes, depending on the insect feeding on the differet plants

Even different varieties of the same plant can release different volatile blends

28
Q

Is volatile communication possible between different plant species?

A

Yes! f.e. Sagebrush and tabacco plants

29
Q

How do these cocktails vary?

A

Even when the same insect is feeding on different plants

30
Q

Do the herbivores react to specific parts of the volatile cocktail?

A

It is believed that they react to the cocktail as whole

31
Q

Are these volatiles only used to attract?

A

No, they can also repell insects looking to lay eggs

32
Q

What are oak apples?

A

Galls that form on oak trees. Wasps are responsible for it

33
Q

What are galls good for for insects?

A

Accomodation
Shelter
Protection
Food

34
Q

How does the gall inducing fly protect itself?

A

When it attacks a plant, the plant is unable to send out volatile signals

They can also use the volatile signals to ward off their own enemys

35
Q

How do aphids use pstacchio tree defence?

A

They induce galls on the tree - in the process, the plant releases a volatile signal that acts as a goat deterrent.

These goats dont eat the leaves anymore, protecting the aphids

36
Q

Why are insectivourous birds attracted to damaged trees?

A

birds can react to volatile cues

37
Q

What is the maximum distance for volatile communication of trees?

A

50cm. The plant mainly talks to itself

38
Q

How do alarmsignals travel inside the plant?

A

Via its vascular system - but it will only reach leaves or branches with a direct connection to the attacked leaf

Volatile signals can help to induce a defence activation in other parts of the plant

39
Q

What are the major players in plant defence?

A

Salicylic acid and jasmonic acid

40
Q

What are pathogens that kill plant cells called?

A

Necrotrophs

41
Q

Which plant hormones are crucial in plant defence?

A

Ethylene
Auxin
Cytokinin
Absicisic acid

42
Q

What is reffered to as hormonal crosstalk?

A

Antagonistic and synergistic interaction between hormones

This helps the plant to fine tune its response to the attacker

43
Q

What does a crosstalk between salicylic acid and jasmonic acid provide the plant with?

A

It helps to prioritize the right pathway - depending on the nature of attack

44
Q

How do insects overcome plant defences

A

They like to eat parts of the plant that havent been primed

Fortress Plant (11 decks)

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