Campbell Biology 10th Ed: Chapter 32 (An Overview of Animal Diversity

Question 0

Example of an animal that uses its characteristics to acquire food and how?

Answer 0

chameleon: camouflage and long, sticky, quick-moving tongue

Question 1

What traits do animals commonly use to detect, capture, and eat other organisms?

Answer 1

Strength, speed, toxins, and/or camouflage

Question 2

defining characteristics of animals

Answer 2

multicellular, heterotropic, eukaryotes, embryonic tissues

Question 3

How do you define a group?

Answer 3

take several characteristics together

Question 4

heterotroph

Answer 4

ingests food

Question 5

Do animals have cell walls?

Answer 5

no

Question 6

What are animal bodies held together by?

Answer 6

structural proteins

Question 7

Example of a common structural protein?

Answer 7

collagen

Question 8

What tissues are a defining characteristic of animals?

Answer 8

nervous tissue and muscle tissue

Question 9

tissue

Answer 9

groups of similar cells that act as a functional unit

Question 10

What is the most common form of animal reproduction?

Answer 10

sexual reproduction

Question 11

What stage dominates the majority of animal life cycles?

Answer 11

diploid

Question 12

cleavage

Answer 12

rapid cell division by a zygote

Question 13

blastula

Answer 13

multicellular hollow collection of cells created by cleavage

Question 14

gastrulation

Answer 14

the formation of a germ layered embryo (gastrula) from the blastula

Question 15

Zygote Multiplication

Answer 15

Figure 32.2-3

Question 16

larva

Answer 16

sexually immature organism that is morphologically distinct from the adult

Question 17

What does a larva become when it undergoes metamorphosis?

Answer 17

juvenile

Question 18

juvenile

Answer 18

organism that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature

Question 19

Hox genes

Answer 19

genes unique to animals that regulate the development of body form

Question 20

Explain Hox gene diversity.

Answer 20

the family of genes is small but can be expressed in many ways

Question 21

When did the common ancestor of animals live?

Answer 21

700-770 million years ago

Question 22

choanoflagellates

Answer 22

group of protists that are the closest living relative to animals

Question 23

What organism did the common ancestor probably resemble?

Answer 23

choanoflagellates

Question 24

collar cells vs choanoflagellates

Answer 24

Figure 32.3

Question 25

What does the origin of multicellularity require?

Answer 25

evolution of new ways for cells to attach and communicate with each other

Question 26

What genetic thing do choanoflagellates share with animals?

Answer 26

similar sections of DNA coding for proteins

Question 27

Choanoflagellate DNA vs Animal DNA

Answer 27

Figure 32.4

Question 28

When was the Neoproterozoic Era?

Answer 28

1 billion-542 million years ago

Question 29

Important qualities of the Neoproterozoic Era

Answer 29

Ediacaran biota, early animal embryos, and predation

Question 30

Ediacaran biota

Answer 30

soft-bodied, multicellular eukaryotes known from fossilsn from 560 years ago

Question 31

When was the Paleozoic Era?

Answer 31

542-251 million years ago

Question 32

When was the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 32

535-525 million years ago

Question 33

What is significant about the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 33

huge new diversity of species including many currently living animals

Question 34

What were most of the Cambrian fossils?

Answer 34

bilaterians

Question 35

bilaterians

Answer 35

organisms with a bilaterally symmetric form, complete digestive tract, and one way digestive system

Question 36

What are three possible explanations for the Cambrian explosion?

Answer 36

new predator-prey relationships, a rise in atmospheric oxygen, and Hox gene evolution

Question 37

What happened near the end of the Paleozoic Era?

Answer 37

animal diversity increased but mass extinctions occurred

Question 38

When did animals begin to make an impact on land?

Answer 38

450 million years ago

Question 39

When did vertebrates move to land?

Answer 39

365 million years ago

Question 40

When was the Mesozoic Era?

Answer 40

251-65.5 million years ago

Question 41

During which era did coral reefs emerge?

Answer 41

Mesozoic

Question 42

Why are coral reefs important?

Answer 42

they are important niches for other organisms

Question 43

What are the ancestors of plesiosaurs?

Answer 43

reptiles that returned to water

Question 44

Who were the dominant terrestrial vertebrates during the Mesozoic Era?

Answer 44

dinosaurs

Question 45

During which era did the first mammals emerge?

Answer 45

Mesozoic

Question 46

What happened to flowering plants and insects during the Mesozoic Era?

Answer 46

they diversified

Question 47

When was the Cenozoic Era?

Answer 47

65.5 million years ago-present

Question 48

What happened during the beginning of the Cenozoic era?

Answer 48

mass extinctions of terrestrial and marine animals

Question 49

What did mammals do during the Cenozoic era?

Answer 49

grew larger and took advantage of niches left by extinct animals

Question 50

How did the climate change during the Cenozoic era?

Answer 50

it cooled

Question 51

body plan

Answer 51

set of morphological and developmental traits

Question 52

How do body plans change over time?

Answer 52

some stay the same but others change often over evolution

Question 53

animal symmetry

Answer 53

Figure 32.8

Question 54

radial symmetry

Answer 54

body parts repeat around the center of the body with no front, back, left, or right

Question 55

bilateral symmetry

Answer 55

two sided symmetry with dorsal, ventral, right, left, anterior, and posterior sides

Question 56

dorsal

Answer 56

top

Question 57

ventral

Answer 57

bottom

Question 58

anterior

Answer 58

front

Question 59

posterior

Answer 59

back

Question 60

Where is sensory equipment usually concentrated?

Answer 60

anterior end

Question 61

What kind of animals are usually sessile/planktonic?

Answer 61

radial

Question 62

What is bilaterian locomotion like?

Answer 62

active movement with central nervous system

Question 63

What two factors can affect body plans?

Answer 63

Hox genes and tissue organization

Question 64

true tissues

Answer 64

collections of specialized cells isolated from other tissues by membranous layers

Question 65

What happens to the germ layers during development?

Answer 65

they become the embryo's tissues and organs

Question 66

ectoderm

Answer 66

germ layer covering embryo's surface

Question 67

endoderm

Answer 67

innermost germ layer linking the digestive tube

Question 68

archenteron

Answer 68

developing digestive tube

Question 69

Example of animal lacking true tissues?

Answer 69

sponges

Question 70

diploblastic

Answer 70

have two germ layers

Question 71

Example of diploblasts?

Answer 71

cnidarians

Question 72

triploblastic

Answer 72

have three germ layers

Question 73

What organisms are triploblasts?

Answer 73

bilaterians

Question 74

Most triploblastic animals possess a ____?

Answer 74

body cavity

Question 75

coelom

Answer 75

true body cavity derived from mesoderm

Question 76

coelomates

Answer 76

triploblastic animals with true coelom

Question 77

pseudocoelomates

Answer 77

triploblastic animals with a body cavity derived from the mesoderm and endoderm

Question 78

acoelomates

Answer 78

triploblastic animals without body cavities

Question 79

coelomates, pseudocoelomates, and acoelomates

Answer 79

Figure 32.9

Question 80

grade

Answer 80

group whose members share key biological features

Question 81

clade

Answer 81

an ancestor and all of its descendants

Question 82

protostome cleavage

Answer 82

spiral and determinate

Question 83

deuterostome cleavage

Answer 83

radial and indeterminate

Question 84

protostome coelom formation

Answer 84

mesoderm masses split and form coelom

Question 85

deuterostome coelom formation

Answer 85

folds of archenteron form coelom

Question 86

protostome blastopore

Answer 86

mouth develops

Question 87

deuterostome blastopore

Answer 87

anus develops

Question 88

protostome vs deuterostome

Answer 88

Figure 32.10

Question 89

blastopore

Answer 89

forms during gastrulation and connects the archenteron to the exterior of gastrula

Question 90

By when were most modern animal phyla established?

Answer 90

500 million years ago

Question 91

How many animal phyla are there?

Answer 91

about three dozen

Question 92

What data do phylogenies combine?

Answer 92

morphological, molecular, and fossil

Question 93

All animals share _______?

Answer 93

a common ancestor

Question 94

______ are basal animals?

Answer 94

sponges

Question 95

Eumetazoa ("____") is a clade of animals with _______?

Answer 95

true animals; true tissues

Question 96

Most animal phyla belong to the clade ______?

Answer 96

bilateria

Question 97

There are __ major clades of bilaterian animals?

Answer 97

three

Question 98

How many clades of bilaterian animals are invertebrates?

Answer 98

two

Question 99

Chordata

Answer 99

clade of bilaterian animals classified as vertebrates

Question 100

Example phylogeny

Answer 100

Figure 32.11

Question 101

What are the bilaterian clades?

Answer 101

deutrostomia, ecdysozoa, and lophotrochozoa

Question 102

What are the three clades within deuterostomia?

Answer 102

hemichordates, echinoderms, and chordates

Question 103

Does chordata have both vertebrates and invertebrates?

Answer 103

yes

Question 104

Ecydysozoa

Answer 104

clade of invertebrates that undergo ecdysis

Question 105

ecdysis

Answer 105

shedding of exoskeletons

Question 106

Lophotrochozoa

Answer 106

clade of bilaterian invertebrates

Question 107

Origin of the name lophotrochozoa?

Answer 107

from the lophophore and trochophore larva

Question 108

lophophore

Answer 108

feeding structure distinct to lophotrochozoa

Question 109

trochophore larva

Answer 109

developmental stage distinct to lophotrochozoa

Question 110

lophophore and trochophore larva

Answer 110

Figure 32.12

Question 111

Focus of current research: Are ______ monophyletic?

Answer 111

sponges

Question 112

Focus of current research: Are _____ basal metazoans?

Answer 112

ctenophores

Question 113

Focus of current research: Are ___ ____ basal bilaterians?

Answer 113

acoelomate flatworms