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Campbell Chapter 6 Flashcards

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1
Q

Do all cells have Ribosomes

A

Yes

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2
Q

Do all cells have chromosomes

A

Yes

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3
Q

Where is DNA in a eukaryotic cell found

A

Nucleus

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4
Q

The nucleus is bounded by a

A

Double Membrane

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5
Q

Where is DNA in the prokaryotic cell found

A

A location that is not membrane-closed called the nucleoid

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6
Q

region between the nucleus and the plasma membrane

A

cytoplasm

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7
Q

Cell size is limited by

A

cellular metabolism

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8
Q

Smallest known cell

A

bacteria called mycoplasmas

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9
Q

What is the Nuclear Envelope

A

Double Membrane that surrounds the nucleus

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10
Q

What is the Nuclear Lamina

A

a protein network located directly beneath the inner nuclear membrane of a cell, acting as a structural support for the nucleus by providing mechanical stability and serving as a platform for various cellular processes

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11
Q

What is a nuclear pore

A

small channels embedded within the nuclear envelope of a cell, acting as gateways that allow for the selective transport of molecules like proteins and RNA between the nucleus and the cytoplasm

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12
Q

What is the Chromatin

A

complex of DNA and proteins that forms the chromosomes within the nucleus of a cell

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13
Q

What is the Nucleolus

A

a small, dense structure located inside the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell, where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is synthesized and ribosomal subunits are assembled, essentially acting as the cell’s “ribosome factory”

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14
Q

What are ribosomal RNAs

A

a type of RNA molecule that serves as a key structural component of the ribosome

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15
Q

What are ribosomes made of

A

rRNAs and Proteins

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16
Q

What do Ribosomes do

A

Protein Synthesis

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17
Q

Where can Ribosomes be found

A

Floating in the Cytoplasm or Attached to the outside of the Endoplasmic Reticulum or Nuclear Envelope

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18
Q

Ribosomes floating in the cytoplasm are called

A

Free Ribosomes

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19
Q

Ribosomes attached to the outside of the endoplasmic reticulum or nuclear envelope are called

A

Bound Ribosomes

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20
Q

What is the Endomembrane System

A

membrane bound organelles that do a variety of tasks in the cell including synthesis of proteins, transport of proteins into membranes and organelles or out of the cell, metabolism and movement of lipids, and detoxification of poisons

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21
Q

What organelles are part of the Endomembrane System

A

nuclear envelope, the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, various kinds of vesicles
and vacuoles, and the plasma membrane

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22
Q

The organelles part of the Endomembrane System are all related how

A

related either through direct physical continuity or by the
transfer of membrane segments as tiny vesicles

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23
Q

What are Vesicles

A

small, membrane-bound sacs that function as containers to transport materials within the cell

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24
Q

What is the Lumen of the ER

A

the fluid-filled space enclosed by the membranes of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

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25
What are Cisternae in the ER
flattened, sac-like membrane structures that form the network of the ER
26
The ER membrane is _____ with the Nuclear Envelope
Continuous
27
What 2 parts is the Endoplasmic Reticulum Divided into
Smooth and Rough ER
28
Difference Between Smooth and Rough ER
Rough ER has ribosomes on the outer surface of the membrane while the Smooth ER doesnt
29
What are the functions of the Smooth ER
synthesis of lipids, metabolism of carbohydrates, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.
30
Functions of Rough ER
Synthesize and Process Proteins, membrane production
31
What are Secretory Proteins
Proteins Synthesized in the Rough ER
32
Secretory Proteins are usually what type of protein
Glycoproteins, Proteins with Carbohydrates Covalently Bonded to them
33
What are Transport Vesicles
membrane-bound sacs that move materials between organelles or regions of the same organelle within a cell
34
What do Transport Vesicles in the ER do
Take portions of the Membrane and newly synthesized proteins from the ER lumen to other organelles
35
What does the Golgi Apparatus do
transport, sorting and modification of both protein and lipid
36
What do Cisternae do in Golgi Apparatus
the flattened, stacked, membrane-bound sacs that make up the main structure of the organelle, responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins for transport within the cell
37
What are the 2 different sides of the Golgi Apparatus called
Cis and Trans faces
38
the Cis face of the Golgi Apparatus does what
Receives proteins and lipids from the ER
39
the Trans face of the Golgi Apparatus does what
sorting and packaging modified proteins and lipids into vesicles that are then transported to their final destinations within the cell
40
What is a Lysosome
a membrane-bound cell organelle that contains digestive enzymes that are used to digest macromolecules
41
What is Phagocytosis
the process in which Amoebas and many other unicellular protists eat by engulfing smaller organisms or food particles,
42
What is Autophagy
Lysosomes also use their enzymes to recycle the cell’s own organic material
43
What are Vacuoles
large vesicles derived from the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus
44
How are food Vesicles formed
Phagocytosis
45
Function of Mitochondria
sites of cellular respiration
46
What is Cellular respiration
metabolic process that uses oxygen to drive the generation of ATP by extracting energy from sugars, fats, and other fuels.
47
Function of Chloroplast
found in plants and algae, are the sites of photosynthesis
48
What is the Endosymbiont Theory
suggests that some organelles in eukaryotic cells, like mitochondria and chloroplasts, were once prokaryotic microbes that were ingested by larger cells.
49
How many membranes enclose the Mitochondria
2
50
What are thylakoids
flattened, interconnected sacs in the Chloroplast
51
What is a Granum
Stacked Thylakoids
52
There is a fluid outside of the Thylakoids called
Stroma
53
The membranes of the Chloroplast Divide it into 3 regions each named what,
Intermembrane Space, Stroma, and thylakoid space
54
Membranes of Mitochondria split it into 2 regions each named what,
Mitochondrial Matrix and Intermembrane Space
55
What are Cristae in Mitochondria
the folds in the inner membrane of the mitochondria
56
What family of plant organelles is the Chloroplast in
plastids
57
What is the Peroxisome
specialized metabolic compartment bounded by a single membrane that contain enzymes that remove hydrogen atoms from various substrates and transfer them to oxygen (O2), producing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as a by-product
58
What is the Cytoskeleton
network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm, maintains the shape and internal organization of the cell, and provides it mechanical support
59
What are the 3 types of fibers that make up the cytoskeleton
Microtubules, microfilaments, Intermediate Filaments
60
What are microtubules
a microscopic tubular structure present in numbers in the cytoplasm of cells, sometimes aggregating to form more complex structures.
61
Where are Microtubules grown out from in animal cells
Centrosome
62
Within the Centrosome is a pair of _________
Centrioles
63
Both Cilia and Flagella are made up of
Microtubules
64
What are Microfilaments
thin solid rods
65
What molecules build up microfilaments
Actin
66
Role of Microtubules
Compression resisting
67
Role of Microfilaments
bear tension
68
What is the Cortex
semisolid outer cytoplasmic layer of a cell
69
The diameter of Intermediate filaments are what compared to microfilaments and microtubules
In the middle, smaller than microtubules but larger than microfilaments
70
Role of Intermediate Filaments
Bearing Tension
71
in which cells do Microfilaments, Microtubules, and Intermediate Filaments exist
microfilaments and microtubules exist in all eukaryotic cells while intermediate filaments exist in only a few
72
Intermediate filaments are more ___________ of cells than are microfilaments and microtubules
permanent fixtures of cells
73
Use of Cell wall in plant cells
protects plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water
74
What type of cell formation is the cell wall
extracellular structure
75
What is an Extracellular Structure
most cells synthesize and secrete materials to the outside of the cell, thus being extracellular
76
What is the cell wall made of
Microfibrils embedded in a matrix of polysaccharides and proteins
77
What are microfibrils
Strong fibers made up of Polysaccharide cellulose
78
Layers of cell wall,
Primary Cell wall, Middle Lamella, and Secondary Cell Wall
79
What is Primary cell wall
The plant's first secreted layer of thin and flexible cell wall.
80
What is the Middle Lamella
thin layer rich in sticky polysaccharides called pectins. This pectin glues adjacent cells together
81
What is Secondary Cell Wall
Secondary layer of cell wall that is usually in several layers with a strong and durable matrix that supports and protects the cell.
82
The plant has a cell wall, while animal cells have
an extracellular matrix
83
What is the Extracellular Matrix made up of
Glycoproteins and other carbohydrate-containing molecules
84
Most abundant Glycoprotein in Extracellular Matrix
Collagen
85
What is fibronectin
Glycoproteins that attach the extracellular matrix to the cell
86
What are Integrins
the structure that Fibronectins and other Extracellular matrix bind to on the cell
87
Use of Integrins
transmit signals between the ECM and the cytoskeleton and thus to integrate changes occurring outside and inside the cell.
88
What is a plasmodesmata
Channels that connect plant cells through the cell wall.

Biology (16 decks)

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