Campbell Prostate Cancer + NCCN 2.2021 Flashcards
(119 cards)
1
Q
The American Brachytherapy Society guidelines suggest that prostate glands that are greater than ___ are technically more difficult to implant because of: ___ and ___;
___ can reduce prostate volumes by ___ % to optimize gland before brachytherapy
A
60cm
- increased frequency of pubic arch interference - large number of seeds required
Cytoreductive ADT
25% to 40%
2
Q
Prostate volumes in excess of ___ may require ___ before RT to reduce volume of rectum or bladder exposed to radiation.
A
Neoadjuvant ADT for cytoreduction
3
Q
Transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) ____ (before or after?) external radiation, rather than after, may be advisable for men in, or at risk of, retention.
A
BEFORE radiation!
** post-treatment transurethral resection is performed, there may be a higher associated risk of incontinence (Polland et al., 2017), particularly after brachytherapy with up to 18% of men incontinent after TURP
4
Q
Contraindications to RT for prostate cancer
A
Previous radical pelvic irradition
Previous pelvic surgery: potentially trap bowel within pelvic field
PResence of substantial or susceptible bowel (hernia ex.)
Poor tissue healing (chronic steroid therapy)
5
Q
Risk strat:
Very low
A
• T1c AND
• Gleason score ≤6/grade group 1 AND
• PSA <10 ng/mL AND
• Fewer than 3 prostate biopsy fragments/cores
positive, ≤50% cancer in each fragment/core AND
• PSA density <0.15 ng/mL/g
Imaging: NOT indicated
6
Q
Risk strat:
Low
A
- T1–T2a AND
- Gleason score ≤6/grade group 1 AND
- PSA <10 ng/mL
Imaging: NOT indicated
7
Q
Risk strat:
Favorable intermediate
A
- T2b–T2c OR
- Gleason score 3+4=7/grade group 2 OR
- PSA 10–20 ng/mL AND
- Percentage of positive biopsy cores <50%
Imaging:
• Bone imaging: not recommended for staging
• Pelvic ± abdominal imaging: recommended if
nomogram predicts >10% probability of pelvic lymph node involvement
8
Q
Risk Strat:
Unfavorable intermediate
A
• T2b–T2c OR
• Gleason score 3+4=7/grade group 2 or Gleason
score 4+3=7/grade group 3 OR
• PSA 10–20 ng/mL
Imaging:
- Bone imaging: recommended if T2 and PSA >10 ng/mL
- Pelvic ± abdominal imaging: recommended if nomogram predicts >10% probability of pelvic lymph
9
Q
Risk strat:
High
A
• T3aOR
• Gleason score 8/grade group 4 or Gleason score
4 +5=9/grade group 5 OR
• PSA >20 ng/mL
Imaging:
• Bone imaging: recommended
• Pelvic ± abdominal imaging: recommended if
nomogram predicts >10% probability of pelvic lymph
10
Q
Risk strat:
Very high
A
• T3b–T4 OR
• Primary Gleason pattern 5 OR
• >4 cores with Gleason score 8–10/grade group 4
or 5
Imaging:
• Bone imaging: recommended
• Pelvic ± abdominal imaging: recommended if
nomogram predicts >10% probability of pelvic lymph
11
Q
Observation is most frequently employed in ___ .
General ffu consists of:
A
Men at low risk of prostate cancer death
Periodic PSA testing, clinical exam, use of imaging to monitor progression
12
Q
SURVEILLANCE should be recommended as the best care option for ___ and preferable care option for ___ localized prostate cancer.
A
best for VERY LOW RISK
preferable for LOW RISK
13
Q
Death in men on active surveillance, most commonly from ___
A
Cardiovascular disease
** Rarely from prostate cancer
14
Q
Risk factors:
____ race found be associated withdverse pathologic outcomes such as positive surgical margins, upgrading, or upstaging.
A
African-American race
15
Q
A history of ___ is significant and may reflect a germline disposition to prostate cancer.
A
A history of metastatic disease at a young age (<60) in a first-degree relative
16
Q
Advising men to ____ is the single most cost-effective health intervention in the entire edifice of medical practice.
A
QUIT SMOKING!
17
Q
Patients taking ___ in the SELECT trial had an increased risk of prostate cancer.
Patient consuming >=140 micrograms/day of supplemental ___ had 2.6 times greater disease-specific mortality.
A
Vitamin E
Selenium
18
Q
Lifestyle recommendations for active surveillance: ___
A
- Exercise regularly, and include vigorous activity if possible.
- Maintain a healthy weight.
- Stop smoking.
- Eat a vegetable- and grain-based diet; moderate red meat consump-
tion, especially processed meats; if eating meat, rely on fish and
skinless poultry. - Limit saturated fat intake.
- Take vitamin D, 1000 to 2000 IU/day, especially during periods
of reduced sunlight. - Consider a low-dose statin.
19
Q
IMRT
A
Intensity-modulated radiation therapy
IMRT employs more complex, dynamic beam shapes wherein the intensity of radiation is varied across the beam (as opposed to uniform intensity across the beam in 3DCRT)
20
Q
Low-dose-rate Brachytherapy
A
Permanent seed implantation: Delivers a dose over a number of weeks to months depending on the isotope chosen, hence the term low- dose-rate
125Iodine emits low-energy x-rays at 27 keV, with a half-life of 59.6 days.
103Palladium was introduced in 1986 because it has an energy spectrum similar to that of 125I, with 21-keV x-rays, but with a significantly shorter half-life of 17 days.
131Cesium, which emits x-rays at 30 keV (thereby offering dose characteristics similar to 125I)
21
Q
High-dose-rate Brachytherapy
A
Delivers short but high doses of radiation using temporary catheters
Hollow catheters are placed through the perineum into the prostate using the same procedure as for LDR brachytherapy
iridium-192 (192Ir)
22
Q
Advantages of HDR vs. LDR Brachytherapy:
A
The use of catheters allows for more ready inclusion of extracapsular
disease and seminal vesicles, if desired.
• There is greater opportunity for dose optimization by modifying
dwell times and positions of the source within the catheters.
• The use of high doses per fraction has a potential biologic dose advantage for prostate cancer if a low alpha/beta ratio exists.
• No need for personnel to handle the radioactive source during
treatment.
• The use of a single source for all patients using a multipurpose
facility makes HDR brachytherapy potentially more cost-effective.
Potential disadvantages for HDR versus LDR brachytherapy include: • There are potential treatment inaccuracies caused by catheter and organ/patient movement between imaging and time of source insertion (during treatment planning) or between fractions, interobserver contouring variabilities, and effects of edemaThe relatively high activity and energy of the 192Ir source requires
availability of a shielded room for treatment delivery.
• There are less favorable pathologic response results from avail- able post-treatment biopsy studies
23
Q
Major acute toxicity of brachytherapy is ___
A
Obstructive and irritative uropathy
Low but non-negligible risk of need for temporary catheterization.
24
Q
Relative contraindications to brachytherapy:
A
Large TURP defects, TURP within prior 3-6months
Factors assoc. with poor urinary outcomes or obstruction: Qmax < 10, IPSS >20, large median lobe
Prior pelvic RT
Connective tissue disease or IBD
Pubic arch interference
Lithotomy position
Rectal fistula or lack of TRUS access
25
The most important pathologic criteria predicting prognosis after radical prostatectomy are:
```
Gleason score
Surgical margin status,
Extracapsular extension
Seminal vesicle invasion
Lymph node involvement
```
26
Many men with clinical stage T3 disease have ____ and may not benefit from prostatectomy.
Select (low-volume disease) may benefit because local control may be achieved in most.
Regional spread
27
The presence of ___ increases progression from 7% to 18-35% at 5 years.
Focal or established extracapsular extension
28
Radical prostatectomy alone can result in disease-free survival in ___ despite clinically advanced disease.
At least one-half of men at 8 to 10 years
29
____ therapy before radical prostatectomy does NOT appear to improve DSS or OS.
Neoadjuvant androgen deprivation (NAD)
** For locally advanced tumors (specifically cT3), current data, both retrospective and prospective, do not support a significant benefit of NAD before surgery
30
The use of adjuvant RT is associated with ___.
Early use of ___ may be beneficial for advanced tumors at the time of biochemical recurrence in select patients.
A range of BDFS (biochemical disease free survival) from 50% to 88% at 5 years
secondary therapy (RT or AD)
31
Men with seminal vesicle invasion who achieve a low PSA level (<0.3 ng/mL) after prostatectomy or have positive surgical margins may benefit more from ___.
men with more advanced disease never reaching an undetectable PSA level generally constitute a poor prognostic group likely harboring ___.
Adjuvant RT.
Unrecognized lymph node or distant disease.
32
Postradiation PSA “bounce”
NOT ALL MEN ARE DESTINED FOR BIOCHEMICAL
Varied definition: elevated PSA of 0.1 ng/mL to 0.5 ng/mL over the prebounce PSA with a subsequent decrease in PSA.
Occurred at a mean time of 9 months
Associated with an improvement in biochemical recurrence–free survival compared with those who did not have a bounce
33
Patients selected for salvage RP must have the ff: ___
Biopsy-proven radiorecurrent prostate cancer
At least 10 years of life expectancy
Lack of identifiable metastasis on imaging
PSA of less than 10 ng/mL
34
All current forms of hormonal therapy in PCA function by: ___
Reducing the ability of androgen to activate the AR
** by lowering androgen levels, decreasing conversion of testosterone to more potent DHT, or blocking androgen-AR binding
35
___ is overexpressed in 20-30% of CRPC metastases.
AR gene
** enhances response to low levels of endogenous androgens
36
AR mutations and splice variants:
___ predominant splice variant has been strongly associated with castration resistance and overall poor patient survival
AR-V7
37
GnRH agonists
Leuprolide
Goserelin
Triptorelin
SOA: Pituitary
MOA: Stimulates release of LH; feedback loop ultimately decreases LH production
Mainstay of therapy for metastatic disease; leads to increase in FSH; considerable side effects
38
GnRH antagonists
Degarelix
Abarelix
Cetrorelix
SOA: Pituitary
MOA: Binds to receptors and blocks release of GnRH
Prevents testosterone surge; leads to decrease in FSH; considerable side effects
39
Adrenal-targeting drugs
Ketoconazole Abiraterone Oreteronel (TAK-700)
Galeterone
SOA: Adrenal
MOA: Decreases androgen production from steroid precursors by blocking cytochrome P450 enzymes
Selective CYP17 inhibitors administered with low-dose prednisone; side effects can include hypertension, edema, and hypokalemia
40
1st generation AR antagonists
Flutamide Nilutamide Bicalutamide
SOA: Prostate, PCA
MOA: Nonsteroidal antiandrogen inhibits binding of testosterone and DHT to the AR
Monotherapy not indicated; associated with gynecomastia
41
2nd generation AR antagonists
Enzalutamide Apalutamide
SOA: Prostate, PCA
MOA: Blocks AR, minimizes nuclear translocation of AR, and diminishes AR-mediated transcription
Associated with falls, fatigue, and decreased appetite
42
5alpha-reductase inhibitors
Finasteride (type II isoenzyme inhibition)
Dutasteride (type I and II isoenzyme inhibition)
SOA: Prostate, PCA
MOA: Inhibits the conversion of testosterone to DHT
Commonly administered for BPH; not indicated for prostate cancer management
43
Four approaches for androgen blockade:
(1) surgical removal of the testicles (orchiectomy),
2) AR antagonism,
(3) inhibition of LHRH and/or LH, and
(4) inhibition of androgen synthesis
44
About one-quarter of men on ___ therapy note a delayed adaptation to darkness after exposure to bright illumination.
NIlutamide
** Effects reversible with cessation
45
Most common side effects of enzalutamide: ___
Fatigue, breast enlargement/tenderness, diarrhea, and hot flashes.
** Seizures were more common in men taking enzalutamide compared with placebo but occurred in less than 1%
46
Common side effects of apalutamide: ___
25% of men Experienced a rash, 12% experienced falls and fractures, and 8% had hypothyroidism
47
In a review of 24 trials involving more than 6600 patients, survival after therapy with ___ was equivalent to orchiectomy
An LHRH agonist
*** flare of LH and testosterone levels, resulting in a severe, life-threatening exacerbation of symptoms, almost exclusively occurring in men with metastases in the spine or weight-bearing regions
48
Aminoglutethimide
Blocks production of aldosterone and cortisol. As the medical version of a total adrenalectomy, the use of this agent requires replacement of cortisone and fludrocortisone
*** Side effects include anorexia, nausea, skin rash, lethargy, vertigo, hypothyroidism, and nystagmus.
49
Abiraterone side effects include: ___ which are due to: ___ and may be prevented by: ___
Hypokalemia, hypertension, and fluid overload
Increase in the mineralocorticoids deoxycorticoste- rone and corticosterone
Co-administration of prednisone (5 mg one to two times daily) suppresses the ACTH increase and lowers the likelihood of mineralocorticoid excess
50
LATITUDE trial showed that ___ + ___ was superior to traditional ADT by ___.
Abiraterone + prednisone was superior to traditional ADT
Extending median radiographic progression-free survival and overall survival
51
VERY LOW RISK management
| >20 y EPS
AS
OR
EBRT or brachytherapy
OR
RP
- Adverse features: EBRT +- ADT or observation
52
VERY LOW RISK
| 10-20 y EPS
AS
53
VERY LOW RISK
| <10 y EPS
Observation
54
LOW RISK
| >=10 y EPS
AS
OR
EBRT or brachytherapy
OR
RP
- Adverse features: EBRT +- ADT or observation
55
LOW RISK
| <10 y EPS
Observation
56
FAVORABLE INTERMEDIATE
| >10 y
AS
OR
EBRT or brachytherapy ALONE
OR
RP +/- PLND if >= 2% prob of LN mets
- AF, no LN: EBRT +- ADT or observation
- LN mets: ADT (cat 1) +- EBRT (cat 2b) or observation
57
FAVORABLE INTERMEDIATE
| 5-10 y EPS
EBRT or brachytherapy ALONE
OR
Observation
58
UNFAVORABLE INTERMEDIATE
| >10 y EPS
RPp ± PLND if predicted probability of lymph node metastasis ≥2%
OR
EBRTo + ADTt (4–6 mo)
or
EBRTo + brachytherapyo ± ADTt (4–6 mo)
59
UNFAVORABLE INTERMEDIATE
| 5-10 y EPS
EBRTo + ADTt (4–6 mo)
or
EBRTo + brachytherapyo ± ADTt (4–6 mo)
OR
Observation (PREFERRED)
60
HIGH/VERY HIGH RISK
| > 5 y or symptomatic
EBRTo + ADTt (1.5–3 y; category 1) ± docetaxel (for very high risk only)
OR
EBRTo + brachytherapyo + ADTt (1–3 y; category 1 for ADT)
OR
RPp + PLND
61
HIGH/VERY HIGH RISK
| ≤5 y and asymptomatic
Observationq
or
ADT
or
EBRT
62
Active surveillance (AS) components:
• Consider confirmatory prostate biopsy with or without mpMRI and with or without
molecular tumor analysisj to establish candidacy for active surveillancen
• PSA no more often than every 6 mo unless clinically indicated
• DRE no more often than every 12 mo unless clinically indicated v
• Repeat prostate biopsy no more often than every 12 mo unless clinically indicated
• Repeat mpMRI no more often than every 12 mo unless clinically indicated
63
Observation
involves monitoring the course of disease with the expectation to deliver palliative therapy for the development of symptoms or a change in exam or PSA that suggests symptoms are imminent
64
Adverse features
Positive margin(s); seminal vesicle invasion; extracapsular extension; or detectable PSA
65
PSA nadir
PSA nadir is the lowest value reached after EBRT or brachytherapy
66
PSA persistence/recurrence after RP
Failure of PSA to fall to undetectable levels (PSA persistence) or undetectable PSA after RP with a subsequent detectable PSA that increases on 2 or more determinations (PSA recurrence).
67
RTOG-ASTRO (Radiation Therapy Oncology Group - American Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology) Phoenix Consensus
1) PSA increase by 2 ng/mL or more above the nadir PSA is the standard definition for PSA persistence/ recurrence after EBRT with or without HT; and 2) A recurrence evaluation should be considered when PSA has been confirmed to be increasing after radiation even if the increase above nadir is not yet 2 ng/mL, especially in candidates for salvage local therapy who are young and healthy.
68
REGIONAL RISK GROUP (ANY T, N1,M0)
| >5 y or symptomatic
EBRTo + ADTt (preferred) ± abirateroneee,ff
OR
ADTt ± abirateronet,ee
69
REGIONAL RISK GROUP (ANY T, N1,M0)
≤5 y
and asymptomatic
Observationq or t
| ADT
70
MONITORING: RECURRENCE
| After initial definitive therapy
* PSA every 6–12 mo for 5 y,gg then every year
* DRE every year, but may be omitted if PSA undetectable
If with: Radiographic evidence of metastatic disease without PSA persistence/recurrence --> BIOPSY
71
MONITORING: RECURRENCE
N1 on ADT
or
Localized on observation
* Physical exam + PSA every 3–6 mo
* Imaging for symptoms or increasing PSAf
Check for PROGRESSION: N1, m0 or m1
72
POST-RP PSA Persistence/recurrence
```
Risk stratificationjj PSADT
Consider:
• Bone imagingf,kk
• Chest CT
• Abdominal/pelvic CT or
abdominal/pelvic MRIf • C-11 choline or F-18
fluciclovine PET/CT or
PET/MRIf,w,ll
• Prostate bed biopsy
(especially if imaging suggests local recurrence
```
IF: Studies negative for distant metastases or imaging not performed --> EBRTo ± ADTt or Observationq --> then monitor for progression
73
PSA persistence/ recurrencey or
| Positive DRE
```
• Risk stratificationmm
PSADT
• Bone imagingf,kk • Prostate MRI
• Transrectal
ultrasound (TRUS)
biopsy
• Consider: Chest CT Abdominal/pelvic CT or abdominal/
pelvic MRIf C-11 choline or
F-18 fluciclovine
PET/CT or PET/ MRIf,ll
```
TRUS biopsy positive, studies negative
for distant metastases --> >10y LIFE EXPECTANCY -- > Observationq or p
RP + PLND
or o Brachytherapy or
High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) (category 2B) or cryotherapy
TRUS negative or <10 y EPS: Observation or ADT
74
M0-CASTRATION NAIVE SYSTEMIC THERAPY
Observation
OR
ADT
Then: Physical exam + PSA every 3–6 mo
• Imaging for symptoms
• Consider periodic imaging for patients with
M1 to monitor treatment response
75
M1-CASTRATION NAIVE SYSTEMIC THERAPY
ADTt with one of the following: • Preferred regimens:
Apalutamide (category 1)t
Abiraterone (category 1)t,ee
Docetaxel 75 mg/m2 for 6 cyclesuu (category 1)vv Enzalutamide (category 1)t
• EBRTo to the primary tumor for low-volume M1uu
or ADT
Then: Physical exam + PSA every 3–6 mo
• Imaging for symptoms
• Consider periodic imaging for patients with
M1 to monitor treatment response
76
M0-CRPC
Conventional imaging studies negative
for distant metastases
Continue ADTt to maintain castrate serum levels of testosterone (<50 ng/dL)
PSADT >10 mo: Observation (preferred)q
or
Other secondary t hormone therapy
```
PSADT ≤10 mo: Preferred regimens: • Apalutamidet
(category 1)
• Darolutamidet (category 1) t
• Enzalutamide (category 1)
Other recommended regimens:
• Other secondary t
```
77
M1-CRPC
CRPC, conventional imaging studies positive
for metastases
• •
•
Metastatic lesion biopsyyy
Tumor testing for MSI-H or dMMR if not previouslyc performed Germline and tumor testing
for homologous recombination gene mutations if not previously performedc
• Continue ADTt to maintain castrate levels of serum testosterone (<50 ng/dL)
• Additional treatment options:
Bone antiresorptive therapy with denosumab (category 1, preferred) or zoledronic acid
if bone metastases
present o Palliative RT for painful
bone metastases Best supportive care
78
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR M1 CRPC: ADENOCARCINOMA
| NO PRIOR docetaxel/no prior novel hormone therapy
No prior docetaxel/no prior novel hormone therapyfff
• Preferred regimens Abirateronet,ggg (category 1hhh) Docetaxelaaa,iii (category 1) Enzalutamidet (category 1)
•Useful in certain circumstances
Sipuleucel-Taaa,jjj (category 1)
Radium-223kkk for symptomatic bone metastases (category 1)
•Other recommended regimens t Other secondary hormone therapy
79
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR M1 CRPC: ADENOCARCINOMA
| PRIOR docetaxel/no prior novel hormone therapy
• Preferred regimens Abirateronet, ggg (category 1) Cabazitaxelaaa Enzalutamidet (category 1)
• Useful in certain circumstances
Mitoxantrone for palliation in symptomatic patients who
cannot tolerate other therapiesaaa Cabazitaxel/carboplatinaaa,nnn aaa
Pembrolizumab for MSI-H or dMMR
Radium-223kkk for symptomatic bone metastases (category 1)
• Other recommended regimens Sipuleucel-Taaa,jjj t Other secondary hormone therapy
80
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR M1 CRPC: ADENOCARCINOMA
| Prior novel hormone therapy/No prior docetaxel
Prior novel hormone therapy/No prior docetaxelfff,lll • Preferred regimens aaa
Docetaxel (category 1)
Sipuleucel-Taaa,jjj
• Useful in certain circumstances mmm
Olaparib for HRRm (category 1) Cabazitaxel/carboplatinaaa,nnn aaa
Pembrolizumab for MSI-H or dMMR
Radium-223kkk for symptomatic bone metastases (category 1) Rucaparib for BRCAmooo
• Other recommended regimens Abirateronet,ggg ggg,ppp
Abiraterone +t dexamethasone Enzalutamide
Other secondary hormone therapy
t
81
SYSTEMIC THERAPY FOR M1 CRPC: ADENOCARCINOMA
| Prior docetaxel and prior novel hormone therapy
All systemic therapies are category 2B if visceral metastases are present)
• Preferred regimens
Cabazitaxelaaa (category 1hhh)
Docetaxel rechallengeaaa,eee
• Useful in certain circumstances hhh,mmm
Olaparib for HRRm (category 1) Cabazitaxel/carboplatinaaa,nnn aaa
Pembrolizumab for MSI-H or dMMR
Mitoxantrone for palliation in symptomatic patients who cannot
tolerate other therapiesaaa
Radium-223kkk for symptomatic bone metastases (category 1hhh) Rucaparib for BRCAmooo
• Other recommended regimens Abirateronet,ggg
Enzalutamidet t
82
An extended PLND
removal of all node-bearing tissue from an area bound by the external iliac vein anteriorly, the pelvic sidewall laterally, the bladder wall medially, the floor of the pelvis posteriorly, Cooper's ligament distally, and the internal iliac artery proximally.
83
Men with high-volume, ADT-naïve, metastatic disease should be considered
for ___
ADT and docetaxel
84
Immunotherapy considered for: ___
Men with Asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic mCRPC may consider
immunotherapy.
85
Sipuleucel-T is only for: ___
nly for asymptomatic or minimally symptomatic, no liver metastases, life expectancy >6 months, ECOG performance status 0–1.
Sipuleucel-T is not recommended for patients with small cell/ neuroendocrine prostate cancer.
86
Pembrolizumab (MSI-H or DMMR) only as ___.
subsequent Systemic therapy for patients with metastatic CRPC who have progressed through prior docetaxel and/or a novel hormone therapy.
87
For prevention of SREs in CRPC: ___ and ___
Denosumab (SUPERIOR) and
zoledronic acid have been shown to prevent disease-related skeletal complications, which include fracture, spinal cord compression, or the need for surgery or RT to bone.
Denosumab (preferred) is given subcutaneously every 4 weeks.
Zoledronic acid is given intravenously every 3 to 4 weeks or every 12 weeks.
Zoledronic acid is not recommended for creatinine clearance <30 mL/min.
88
Osteonecrosis of the jaw (ONJ)
Seen with both agents; risk is increased in patients who have tooth extractions, poor dental hygiene, or a dental appliance. referred
for dental evaluation before starting either zoledronic acid or denosumab.
89
Prostate cancer has been the most common _____ in US men since 1984, now accounting for 19% of all such cancers.
Prostate cancer incidence varies by race/ethnicity, with _____ experiencing a 73% higher incidence rate than whites
noncutaneous malignancy
African-Americans
90
_______ have the highest incidence of prostate cancer in the world, although incidence rates have been decreasing at a similar rate to Caucasians, at least in part resulting from a recent decrease in PSA testing
African-Americans and Jamaicans of African descent
91
Prostate cancer is the _____ most common cancer and the _____leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide, with an estimated 1.1 million new cases and 300,000 deaths in 2012
2nd most common
5th leading cause of cancer death
92
In the Prostate Cancer Prevention Trial (PCPT), ____ of men in the placebo arm were diagnosed by annual PSA screening within ___ years of enrollment suggesting that lifetime risk for regular screening may approach ____
14% within 7 years of enrollment
Lifetime risk: 20%
93
The rationale for finasteride (a selective type 2 5α-reductase inhibitor [5ARI]) as a chemopreventive agent was based on ______
the absence of prostate cancer in men with congenital deficiency of 5α-reductase (the enzyme that converts T to DHT) and the critical role of androgens in the development of prostate cancer.
94
The main finding of PCPT was a ______ reduction in the period prevalence of prostate cancer in men taking finasteride (18.4%) compared with placebo (24.4%)
25% reduction in period prevalence
95
However, a significant increase in the prevalence of _______ in men receiving finasteride (280 [37%]) compared with placebo (237 [22%]),
biopsy Gleason score 7 to 10 cancers was observed
particularly for biopsy Gleason score 8 to 10 cancers (90 [12%] in the finasteride arm vs. 53 [5%] in the placebo arm).
96
Another observation:
Marked effect of finasteride on the prevalence of biopsy _____ , no effect on the prevalence of biopsy ______, and an increase in the prevalence of biopsy _______
Gleason score 2 to 6 tumors - marked effect
Gleason score 7 tumors - no effect
Gleason score 8 to 10 tumors - increase
97
Secondary analyses of PCPT have demonstrated an overall _______ for the diagnosis of prostate cancer in the finasteride arm.
Finasteride-treated glands were also _______ on average compared with those in the placebo arm, and data suggest that having a smaller prostate ENHANCES the detection of cancer, and proportionately more diagnosed cancers are high-grade
improved sensitivity of DRE, and a higher accuracy of PSA
28% smaller
98
Does finasteride cause development of high-grade PCa?
NO. There appeared to be no morphologic effect of finasteride on prostate cancer grading when specimens were reviewed by a panel of expert pathologists blinded to the treatment arm
**** rate of upgrading from biopsy Gleason score 2 to 6 to pathologic Gleason score 7 to 10 among men treated by radical prostatectomy was higher in the placebo arm compared with the finasteride arm
99
Dutasteride reduced the risk for ______ over 4 years by 23% (858 in the placebo arm vs. 659 in the dutasteride arm, P < 0.001) and showed similar reductions in years 1 to 2 and years 3 to 4
prostate cancer
100
The PCPT and REDUCE trials confirm the consistency of effect of ____ at reducing the _____ with a similar magnitude of risk reduction across all subgroups.
5ARIs
risk for prostate cancer,
101
Toremifene citrate: Does it reduce prostate Ca risk?
A randomized trial in 1467 men with HGPIN FAILED to show a reduction in prostate cancer incidence at 3 years among those receiving tore- mifene citrate 20 mg daily vs. placebo, even among select high-risk groups
102
Organizations such as the AUA recommend shared decision making for men _____ considering PSA-based screening, a target age group for whom benefits may outweigh harms
55 to 69 years of age
103
PRE-BIOPSY: After an FDA warning and label change in 2016 regarding fluoroquinolone toxicity (musculoskeletal concerns [tendinitis and tendon rupture], peripheral neuropathy, central nervous system side effects, or myasthenia gravis), the AUA recommended shortening the use of _____ prophylaxis to a ____
fluoroquinolone
maximum of 24 hours.
104
Cleansing enema effect: _____
| But its effect on ____ is debatable.
This practice decreases the amount of feces in the rectum, thereby producing a superior acoustic window for prostate imaging.
The enema’s effect on reducing infections is debatable.
105
The technique of______ may prove superior to color Doppler imaging in identification of malignant areas in the prostate
conflicting data available at this time, at present should be considered an additional technology to complement but NOT replace _____
elastography
random biopsies
106
From a center of excellence with a large cohesive multidisciplinary team for prostate MRI and MRI-targeted biopsy, the false-negative rate of mpMRI was ____ for detection of clinically significant cancer.
16%
107
PSA testing improves the ______ of DRE for cancer.
Use of PSA increases the detection of prostate cancers that are more likely to be _____ when compared with detection without PSA
positive predictive value (PPV)
organ- confined
*** The PPV of DRE ranged from 4% to 11% in men with PSA levels of 0 to 2.9 ng/mL and from 33% to 83% in men with PSA levels of 3 to 9.9 ng/mL or greater
108
Current NCCN guidelines recommend the use of _____ and _____ among high-risk and unfavorable intermediate-risk men deemed to be at high risk for occult metastasis on the basis of clinical parameters or nomograms
technetium-99m bone scan
cross- sectional imaging (CT or MRI)
**Bone scan has been the most widely used method for evaluating bone metastases of prostate cancer and remains the current standard imaging test for initial prostate cancer staging, recurrence, and metastatic disease.
**CT scan: it remains the guideline-endorsed imaging choice for staging in men at risk for lymph node involvement
109
Surveillance should be recommended as the best care option for men with ____ and the preferable care option for most low-risk, localized prostate cancer.
Death in men on active surveillance occurs most commonly from _____ and rarely occurs from prostate cancer.
very low risk
110
The deep dorsal vein leaves the penis under the Buck fascia between the corpora cavernosa and penetrates the urogenital diaphragm, dividing into three major branches: _____
Arterial blood supply of the prostate: ______
Two branches: _____ and _____
the superficial branch and the right and left lateral venous plexuses
Inferior vesical artery
- Urethral (posterolateral vesicoprostatic junction) - vesical neck and periurethral portion
- Capsular groups (pelvic sidewall): supplies outer portion
111
Care is taken to preserve the soft tissue covering the ____ that contains the lymphatics draining the lower extremity. Interruption of these lymphatics may lead to ____
external iliac artery
lower extremity edema and lymphocele formation.
112
If the striated sphincter is divided too close to the apex of the prostate, there is risk that the ____may be damaged. As it approaches the apex of the prostate, it is often_____
NVB
fixed medially beneath the striated sphincter by an apical vessel
113
Control of the dorsal vein: In placing this running suture, the surgeon should _____.
To control back-bleeding from the anterior surface of the prostate, _____
face the head of the table, holding the needle driver against the pubis perpendicular to the patient.
the edges of the proximal dorsal vein complex on the anterior surface of the prostate are sewn together with the preplaced 2-0 suture
114
To avoid bleeding from the capsular arteries and veins, some surgeons dissect beneath the______. This is called an ______ .
Because this plane is directly on the prostatic parenchyma, the risk for is high. This approach should never be used!
Rather, the most common site of positive margins is the ____ followed by _____ and then ______ sites.
prostatic fascia
intrafascial dissection
positive surgical margins
apex, followed by posterior and then posterolateral sites
115
When should you decide to excise the NVB?
No final decision is made until the time of surgery.
If induration is palpable in the lateral pelvic fascia, the NVB on that side is widely excised.
If there is no induration BUT the NVB appears to be fixed to the prostate at the time it is being released, it is also excised.
However, the final decision about preservation or wide excision of the NVB does not need to be made until the prostate is removed.
If there appears to be inadequate tissue over the posterolateral surface after the prostate has been removed, the NVB can then be widely excised.
116
The vascular branches to the NVBs are best controlled by small hemoclips placed parallel to the bundle. ______ should NEVER be used on the NVB or its branches
Thermal energy of any form (unipolar, bipolar, or Harmonic scissors) - NEVER
117
Post-RP: Traditionally, men ambulate the evening of the procedure and are discharged on postoperative _____
Day 1 or 2
118
the single best means to control bleeding from the dorsal vein complex.
the surgeon should completely divide the dorsal vein complex over the urethra and oversew the end.
119
Post-RP causes of BNC: _____
Management of BNC: _____
They arise from inadequate coaptation of the mucosal surfaces. This may be a result of inadequate approximation at the time of surgery, urinary extravasation, or distraction of the bladder neck from a hematoma.
Diagnosis should be considered in any patient who complains of a poor urinary stream or in patients who have prolonged unexplained incontinence.
Simple cystoscopic dilation
Direct cold-knife incision of the bladder neck at 3-, 6-, and 9-o’clock followed by intermittent self-catheterization for a limited time usually corrects the problem.
Injection of triamcinolone acetonide (200 mg in 5 mL) at the bladder neck after cold-knife incision may be useful.
