Canada

Question 1

Claims over Canada and Settlement

Answer 1

• 1497 : First British Claim by John Cabot
  Claims the island of Newfoundland for England
  ⇒ Settlement in 1607
• 1534 : Jacques Cartier establishes a settlement near the St Lawrence river
  First French claim ⇒ Settlement in 1604

Question 2

Alliances and agreements with Europe etc

Answer 2

1613 : Covenant Chain & The Two Row Wampum

• Covenant Chain : Alliances between Indigenous people and settlers in New England/ Series of diplomatic agreements between the Haudenosaunee and European powers. Evolved later, primarily with the British, as a diplomatic and military alliance that involved ongoing negotiations and adjustments.
• The Two Row Wampum : agreement made in 1613 between the Haudenosaunee (Iroquois Confederacy) and Dutch settlers. It is symbolized by a **wampum belt with two parallel purple rows on a white background, representing two paths—one for the Haudenosaunee and one for the Europeans—moving forward together without interference in each other’s way of life. **

Question 3

Hudson

Answer 3

1670 : Hudson’s Bay Company founded

• The Hudson’s Bay Company is founded by Britain’s King Charles II.
• The company is given control of a vast new territory known as Rupert’s Land, comprising much of northern North America.
• It would become one of the largest fur trading companies in the world.

shipped European trade goods and technology to North America, where they were sold to Native Americans for animal fur which was then resold in Europe and Asia

Question 4

French and Indian wars

Answer 4

1756-63 : French and Indian War
The North American front in the Seven Years War sees France and England battle for control of New France.
⇒ British victory

Question 5

Royal Proclamation

Answer 5

1763 : Royal Proclamation on Indians by Britain’s King George III establishes general procedures for obtaining British control of aboriginal land.

Question 6

Quebec Act

Answer 6

1774 : Quebec Act
By Britain, permits the continuation of the French language, legal system and Catholic religion in the former New France.

Question 7

Constitution Act

Answer 7

1793 : Constitution Act
By Britain, dividing Quebec into two colonies:

• Upper Canada (English)
• Lower Canada (French).

Question 8

War of 1812

Answer 8

1812 -1815 : War of 1812
Britain and the United States battle for control of eastern North America.

⇒ 1814 Treaty of Ghent : Britain and the United States agree to re-establish the “status quo ante bellum” and return to the pre-1812 state of affairs.

Question 9

Slavery

Answer 9

1834 : Slavery Abolition Act
Emancipating all slaves withing British Empire.

Question 10

Durham Report

Answer 10

1839 : Durham Report
In response to growing unrest in the Canadian colonies, Governor Lord Durham releases a report recommending the merging of Upper and Lower Canada.
⇒ 1841 : Upper and Lower Canada united

Question 11

Act of Union

Answer 11

1841 : Act of Union
Unites Upper and Lower Canada into the United Province of Canada with a single parliamentary-style government.

Question 12

US-Canada boundary

Answer 12

1846 : Oregon Treaty
US-Canada boundary established along the 49th parallel.

Question 13

British North America Act

Answer 13

1867 : British North America Act
Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick united into a single dominion : Canada.
The Act divided the province of Canada into * Quebec
* Ontario.

Question 14

Currency

Answer 14

1870 : Dominion Notes Act
Uniform Canadian currency : the Canadian dollar

Question 15

Reservations

Answer 15

1876 : Indian Act
Passed by the Parliament of Canada, founding the modern system of Indian reservations.

The Indian Act attempted to generalize a vast and varied population of people and assimilate them into non-Indigenous society. It forbade First Nations peoples and communities from expressing their identities through governance and culture.

Question 16

CPR

Answer 16

**1881-1885 **: CPR
The federal government authorizes the construction of the transcontinental Canadian Pacific Railway. The symbolic “last spike” is driven in Craigellachie, British Columbia, completing the Canadian Pacific Railway.

Question 17

WW1

Answer 17

1914-1918 : WW1
Canadian troops fight under British command during the First World War. Fighting officially ends on November 11, 1918

Question 18

Women right to vote

Answer 18

1918 : Women right to vote in Federal Elections

Question 19

League

Answer 19

1919 : Canada joins the League of Nations
One of the founding members of the League of Nations. Ended in 1946.
“to promote international cooperation and to achieve international peace and security”. It is often referred to as the “predecessor” of the United Nations.

Question 20

Independence of Canada

Answer 20

1931 : Statute of Westminster
Grants Canada political independence from Britain, including the right to an independent foreign policy.

Question 21

1946

Answer 21

• Canadian Army founded
• Supreme Court gains supremacy
  Canadians can no longer make appeals to British courts. The Supreme Court of Canada becomes Canada’s highest judicial body.

Question 22

1949

Answer 22

• Newfoundland joins Canada : 10th province, final province of Canada
• Canada joins NATO

Question 23

NORAD

Answer 23

1958 : NORAD founded
Canada and the United States co-found the North American Aerospace Defense Command to jointly protect the security of North American airspace.

Question 24

right to vote

Answer 24

1960 : First Nations and women can vote
First Nations women and men are able to vote no matter where they live and without giving up their Indian status.

Question 25

Languages

Answer 25

**1969 : Official Languages Act** Makes Canada an officially bilingual country with French and English as its two official languages.

Question 26

Referendums

Answer 26

* **1980** : Quebec voters reject a referendum on separation from Canada. * **1995** : Quebec voters narrowly reject a second referendum on separation from Canada.

Question 27

Constitution Act

Answer 27

**1982 : Constitution Act ** Part of the Constitution of Canada. It made several **changes to the British North America Act**, including renaming it the Constitution Act, **1867**. Allows **Canada to change its constitution without the approval of Britain**

Question 28

Charter

Answer 28

**1982 : Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms** The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms affirms the right of every Canadian citizen to vote and to stand as a candidate.

Question 29

NAFTA

Answer 29

**1987 : NAFTA** A free trade agreement between Canada and the United States is approved. Mexico later joins the free trade bloc, forming the **North American Free Trade Agreement,** or NAFTA

Question 30

Multiculturalism

Answer 30

**1988 : Canadian Multiculturalism Act ** Law passed in 1988 that aims to preserve and enhance multiculturalism in Canada.

Question 31

Free Trade

Answer 31

1989 : Free Trade Agreement with the US

Question 32

Territory indigenous

Answer 32

**1999** : Creation of territory of **Nuvanut** First territory with a **majority of Indigenous population**

Question 33

Quebec nation

Answer 33

**2006 : Quebec considered a "nation" within Canada** The federal House of Commons also voted to recognize the Québécois as a nation within Canada.

Question 34

Apology

Answer 34

**11th June 2008 **: Apology for boarding schools By PM **Stephen Harper** : a formal apology for the treatment of Aboriginal people in the **residential schools system**.

Question 35

Kyoto Protocol

Answer 35

**2011 : Withdrawal from Kyoto Protocol** The Kyoto Protocol operationalizes the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change by committing industrialized countries and economies in transition to limit and reduce greenhouse gases (GHG) emissions in accordance with agreed individual targets.