Canada's History Flashcards
Pages 14-23 (103 cards)
1
Q
Why did the Europeans first exploring Canada called the natives “Indians”?
A
Because they thought they had reached the East Indies
2
Q
What were the main activities of the native people?
A
Living off the land, hunting, gathering, raising crops
3
Q
Which native peoples were farmers and hunters?
A
Huron-Wendat from the Great Lakes region
Iroquois
4
Q
Which aboriginal people were nomadic?
A
The Sioux, following the buffalo (bison) herd
5
Q
Which aboriginal people were hunter-gatherers?
A
The Cree and Dene
6
Q
How did the West Coast natives preserved fish?
A
By drying and smoking
7
Q
Why was war common among Aboriginal groups?
A
Because they competed for land, resources and prestige
8
Q
How did native way of live changed with the arrival of European traders, missionaries, soldiers and colonists?
A
They died of European diseases
Formed strong economic, religious and military bonds in the first 200 years of existence, laid the foundations of Canada
9
Q
Who colonized Greenland and reahed Labrador and the island of Newfoundland 1000 years ago and where are the remains of their settlement?
A
Vikings from Iceland
L’Anse aux Meadows (World Heritage site)
10
Q
When did European exploration began and with which expedition?
A
1497
John Cabot, an Italian immigrant to England, the first to draw a map of Canada’s East Coast
11
Q
When did Jacques Cartier made 3 voyages across the Atlantic and for whom did he claim the land?
A
1534-1542
King Francis I of France
12
Q
Where did the name Canada come from and what does it mean?
A
From two captured guides speaking the Iroquoian word “kanata”, overheard by Jacques Cartier
Village
13
Q
When did the name of Canada begin appearing on maps?
A
1550
14
Q
Where did John Cabot set foot in the expedition of 1497, and what did he claim for England?
A
Cape Breton Island
The New Founde Land
15
Q
Who was Jacques Cartier?
A
First European to explore St. Lawrence river, setting eyes on Quebec City and Montreal
16
Q
When was the first European settlement norh of Florida was established and by whom?
A
1604
French explorers Pierre de Monts and Samuel de Champlain
First on St. Croix Island (Maine) and then at Port Royal, Acadia (Nova Scotia)
17
Q
What did Champlain built in 1608 and who were their First Nations allies and enemies?
A
A fortress at present-day Quebec City
Algonquin, Montagnais and Huron
Iroquois, confederation of 5-6 First Nations battling French for a century
18
Q
When did the French and the Iroquois made peace?
A
1701
19
Q
In what kind of economy did French and Aboriginal collaborate and what was driving it?
A
Fur trade, driven by demand of beaver pelts in Europe
20
Q
Who built a French Empire in North America, reaching from the Hudson Bay to the Gulf of Mexico?
A
Leaders like Jean Talon, Bishop Laval and Count Frontenac
21
Q
Who granted the Hudson’s Bay Company exclusive trading rights over the watershed of its namesake bay and on which year?
A
King Charles II of England
1670
22
Q
What are the coureurs des bois or voyageurs?
A
Skilled and corageous French men from Montreal who travelled by canoe and carried trade goods and supplies to exchange for furs.
23
Q
Who did the Hudson’s Bay Company competed with for 100 years after
A
Montreal-based traders
24
Q
Which colonies dating from the 1600s became richer and more populous than New France?
A
English colonies along the Atlantic seaboard
25
Which European countries started fighting for control of North America?
France and Great Britain
26
Which battle marks the end of France's empire in America, in which year and who defeated the French?
The Battle of the Plains of Abraham
1759
British won
27
Who were the commanders of the two armies in the Battle of Plains of Abraham?
Brigadier James Wolfe
Marquis de Montcalm
28
What was the new name of the french colony after the war between France and Britain?
Province of Quebec
29
How were the French-speaking Catholic people known as and what threatened the preservation of their way of life?
Habitants or Canadiens
Struggled with English-speaking, Protestant-ruled British Empire
30
What's the Quebec Act of 1774 passed by the British Parliament?
Constitutional foundations of Canada
Principles of British institutions accommodated to the French Roman Catholic majority of the province
Allowed religious freedom for Catholics, permitted them to hold public office (not allowed in Britain)
Restored French civil law, kept British criminal law
31
Who were the Loyalists and why did they leave the 13 British colonies?
40,000 people loyal to the Crown after 1776 declaration of independence of the US, fleeing oppression of American Revolution.
Dutch, German, British, Scandinavian and Aboriginal origins.
Presbyterian, Anglican, Baptist, Methodist, Jewish, Quaker and Catholic.
32
Who led thousands of Loyalist Mohawk indians into Canada?
Joseph Brant
33
How many black Loyalists, freedmen and slaves, came to the north?
3,000
34
Who established Freetown in Sierra Leone (West Africa), in which year, what was it?
Black Nova Scotians given poor land
1792
British colony for freed slaves
35
What was the reply of Count Frontenac when refusing to surrender Quebec, in what year, who was he fighting against?
My only reply will be from the mouths of my cannons!
1690
The English
36
Who was Pierre Le Moyne, Sieur d'Iberville?
Great hero of New France
Won many victories over the English in the late 17th and early 18th centuries
James Bay in the north to Nevis (Caribbean)
37
Name some native groups
Cree, Iroquois, Dene, Sioux, Inuit
38
What was the name of Quebec before 1759?
New France
39
When did the first elected Assembly of Lower Canada debated whether to use both French and English, and where?
January 21st, 1793
Quebec City
40
Which was the first representative assembly of Canada, and on which year?
Elected in Halifax, Nova Scotia, in 1758
41
When were other representative assemblies elected?
Prince Edward Island - 1773
New Brunswick - 1785
42
Which document divided the Province of Quebec into Upper and Lower Canada, and what's the difference between these two?
Constitutional Act of 1791
Upper Canada = Ontario: Loyalist, Protestant, Anglophone
Lower Canada = Quebec: Catholic, Francophone
43
What else was stated on the Constitutional Act of 1791 appart from the separation of the Canadas?
Granted to the Canadas legislative assemblies elected by the people (First time in Canada)
The name Canada became official
44
How were the Atlantic colonies and the Canadas known collectively?
British North America
45
When did the first movement to abolish trasatlantic slave trade emerged and where?
Late 1700s
British Parliament
46
Which was the first province in the Empire to move towards abolition and when?
Upper Canada
1793
47
Who was the first Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, a Loyalist military officer and founder of the city of York?
John Graves Simcoe
Toronto
Abolish slavery in Upper Canada
48
When did the British Parliament prohibited buying and selling of slaves, and when was slavery abolished throghout the Empire?
1807
1833
49
What was the Underground Railroad?
Anti-slavery Christian network, helping US escaped slaves following the North Star to settle in Canada
50
Who was Mary Ann Shadd Cary?
Outspoken anti-slavery activist. First woman publisher in Canada (1853), founder and editor of The Provincial Freeman
51
What is The Provincial Freeman?
Weekly newspaper founded by Mary Ann Shadd Cary, dedicated to anti-slavery, black immigration to canada, temperance (drink less alcohol) and upholding British rule
52
Trading posts from the Hudson's Bay Company in the north west that later became cities?
Fort Garry (Winnipeg)
Fort Edmonton
Fort Langley (near Vancouver)
Fort Victoria
53
When did the first financial institutions and the Montreal Stock exchange opened?
Financial institutions - Late 18th-Early 19th centuries
MSE - 1832
54
What was the main base of Canadian economy for centuries?
Farming and exporting natural resources (fur, timber, fish)
55
What generated resentment in America?
British Empire's interference with shipping after Napoleon's defeat in Trafalgar and control of Royal Navy fighting to resist Bonaparte's Europe domination.
56
When did the US launched an invasion of Canada?
June 1812
57
Development of The War of 1812?
june 1812 - Canadian volunteers, First Nations (Shawnee led by Chief Tecumseh), British soldiers allied against Americans
July 1812 - Detroit Captured by Major-General Sir Isaac Brock, then killed at Queenston Heights (near Niagara Falls), Americans lost there too.
1813 - Châteauguay invasion, south of Montreal, controlled by Lt. Colonel Charles de Salaberry with 460 soldiers against 4,000 Americans
1813 - Naval battles on the Great Lakes: HMS Shannon (Royal Navy frigate) captured USS Chesapeake, lead into Halifax harbour
1813 - Americans burned Government House and Parliament Buildings in York
1814 - Major-General Robert Ross (with expedition from Nova Scotia) burned down White House and other public buildings in Washington, D.C., then died in battle and was buried in Halifax
1814 - Americans defeated, defining border Canada - USA
58
Which were outposts of Canadian defence system, financed by British?
Citadels of Halifax and Quebec City
Naval drydock at Halifax
Fort Henry at Kingston
59
What was the Duke of Wellington's role in founding the national capital and who was he?
Sent soldiers to defend Canada in 1814
Chose Bytown (Ottawa) as the endpoint of the Rideau Canal (forts network to defend against future USA invasions)
Defeated Napoleon in 1815
60
Who was Laura Secord?
Heroine pioneer wife, mother of 5, walked 30km (19mile) to warn Lt. James FitzGibbon of a planned American attack, contributing to the victory at the Battle of Beaver Dams
61
When did armed rebellions occurred in Montreal and Toronto and why didn't they succeed?
1837-38
Lack of public support, defeated by British troops and Canadian volunteers
62
Who recommended that Upper and Lower Canada be merged and given Responsible government? What does this mean?
Lord Durham, English reformer reporting on rebellions of 1837-38
Ministers of the Crown must have support of majority of elected representatives in order to govern.
If government loses confidence vote in the assembly it must resign, system persists today
63
What was the quickest way for the Canadiens to achieve progress, according to Lord Durham?
Assimilate into English-speaking Protestant culture
64
Name some reformers that became Fathers of Confederation
Sir Étienne-Paschal Taché
Sir George-Étienne Cartier
Sir John A. Macdonald
65
When did Upper and Lower Canada were united and how they were called?
1840
Province of Canada
66
Who worked with British governors toward responsible government?
Sir Louis Hyppolite La Fontaine (First head of Responsible Government in Canada in 1849, french language champion)
Robert Baldwin
Joseph Howe (Nova Scotia)
67
Which was the first British North American colony to attain full responsible government and on which year?
Nova Scotia
1847-48
68
What did Lord Elgin, governor of United Canada, introduced in 1848-49 with encouragement from London?
Responsible government
69
When did the Fathers of Confederaton worked to establish a new country, which provinces did they represent, what was the new country called and who suggested the name?
1864-67
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Province of Canada (supported by British)
Dominion of Canada
Sir Leonard Tilley (elected official and Father of Confederation of New Brunswick) - 1864
70
When did the British Parliament passed the British North America Act? What is the name given to this holiday before and after 1982?
July 1st 1867
Canada became a self-governing Dominion
Dominion Day/Canada Day
71
How was the old Province of Canada split? Along with Nova Scotia and New Brunswick, name some new benefits of the provinces with the Dominion of Canada.
Two new provinces: Ontario and Quebec
Elect own legislature
Control education and health
2 levels of government: federal and provincial
72
Who assigned Canada's national colours and on which year?
King George V
1921
73
What inspired Sir Leonard Tilley to suggest the Dominion of Canada?
Psalm 72 in the Bible: "Dominion from sea to sea and from the river to the ends of the earth"
74
Who was Canada's First Prime Minister and when? Which bill has his portrait? When does Parliament celebrate his day?
Scottish-born, Kingston, Ontario lawyer Sir John Alexander Macdonald, Father of Confederation
1867
10 dollar bill
January 11th
75
Who was the key architect of Confederation from Quebec?
Sir George-Etienne Cartier, railway lawyer, Montrealer, ally of Macdonald
Helped negotiate entry for NWT, Manitoba, BC into Canada
76
When did each province become part of Canada? (9 milestones)
1867 - Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and New Brunswick
1870 - Manitoba and Northwest Territories
1871 - British Columbia
1873 - Prince Edward Island
1880 - Arctic islands transferred to Northwest Territories (NWT)
1898 - Yukon Territory
1905 - Alberta, Saskatchewan
1949 - Newfoundland and Labrador
1999 - Nunavut
77
Why did Louis Riel led an armed uprising seizing Fort Garry in 1869? What was Ottawa's reaction? How is Louis Riel remembered?
Because Canada took over the Hudson's Bay northwest region without consulting the 12000 Metis of the Red River.
Sent soldiers to retake Fort Garry in 1870, Riel fled to US and Canada established a new province: Manitoba.
Riel was elected to Parliament but never took his seat, was executed for high treason after second rebellion in Saskatchewan. Riel was a hero, defender of Metis rights and father of Manitoba.
78
What organization was established after the first Metis uprising by PM Macdonald in 1873? What did this organization found and where are its headquarters?
Who was the Metis greatest military leader?
North West Mounted Police
Fort Calgary, Fort MacLeod
Regina
Gabriel Dumont
79
What's the national police force and a symbol of Canada?
Who came from the ranks of this police?
RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police, the Mounties)
Canada's most colorful heroes, like Major-General Sir Sam Steele, great frontier hero, Mounted Policeman and soldier of the Queen
80
When did Canada's economy become more industrialized and how many British and Americans immigrated to Canada at the time?
Economic boom of 1890s and early 1900s
One million British and one million Americans
81
Who was the first French-Canadian prime minister since Confederation, encouraging immigration to the West?
On which bill is his portrait?
Sir Wilfrid Laurier
5 dollar bill
82
What made BC join Canada in 1871? Who was the director of the project, who financed it and built it? When was it completed?
The promise of Ottawa to build a railway to the West Coast (Canadian Pacific Railway)
Donald Smith (Lord Strathcona)
British/American financing, European and Chinese labour
November 7th 1885
83
How were the Chinese workers discriminated after building the CPR?
When did the government apologize for this policy?
With the Head Tax, a race-based entry fee
2006
84
What was made possible by the CPR before 1914?
Settlement in the West for 170000 Ukranians, 115000 Poles and tens of thousands of other immigrants from Germany, France, Norway and Sweden, developing a thriving agricultural sector.
85
How did Canadians show their pride on being part of the British Empire?
Participating with 7000 volunteers (260 died) in the Boer War (1899-1902) and the battles of Paardeberg and Lillefontein in 1900, victories strengthened national pride
86
When did Canada formed the Canadian Expeditionary Force? How was it called later?
In 1914 for WWI when Britain declared war
Canadian Corps
87
How many Canadians served in WWI?
600,000 (out of 8million total population)
88
How did Canada share the tragedy and triumph of the Western Front? How was their reputation for valour secured?
What monument and holiday honour this moment?
Captured Vimy Ridge in April 1917, with 10,000 killed or wounded (first British victory of WWI)
The shock troops of the British Empire
Vimy Memorial in France
April 9th
89
What regrettable decision Ottawa took from 1914-1920?
Interned 8,000 former Austro-Hungarian subjects (Ukranian mainly) as "enemy aliens" in 24 labour camps across Canada. Britain advised against it.
90
Who is Canada's greatest soldier? How did he earn this title?
General Sir Arthur Currie, a reserve officer. Commander of Canadian Corps along with French and British Empire troops in the last 100 days of WWI. Won in Amiens on August 8th 1918 (the black day of the German Army) and later in Arras, Canal du Nord, Cambrai and Mons.
91
How did WWI end, and what was the outcome for the Canadian troops?
Germany and Austria surrendered, leading to Armistice on Nov. 11th 1918. 60k Canadians killed and 170k wounded. Strengthened national and imperial pride, particularly in English Canada.
92
Who could vote at the time of Confederation? Who founded the women's suffrage movement in Canada? Which was the first province to grant the vote to women and when?
Property-owning adult white males
Emily Stowe (first Canadian woman to practice medicine)
Manitoba, 1916
93
Who was leading the federal government when women got the right to vote in federal elections? In what year? Under what conditions?
Sir Robert Borden
1917
Nurses at the battle front ("bluebirds", 3000 served in RC Army Medical Corps, 2.5k overseas), then women related to men in active wartime service
94
When did most Canadian female citizens aged 21 and over were granted the right to vote in federal elections? Who became then the first woman MP and when?
1918
Agnes Macphail, a farmer and teacher
1921
95
When did women were granted the vote in Quebec and who fought for this right?
1940
Therese Casgrain
96
What do Canadians celebrate in Remembrance Day and when? What poem is often recited and who composed it in 1915?
Sacrifices of veterans and fallen soldiers during wars
1 million served, 110,000 deceased
November 11th (11th day 11th month 11th hour)
In Flanders Fields (the poppies blow...)
Canadian medical officer Lt. Col. John McCrae
97
What is the British Commonwealth of Nations? When was it established? How many countries are part of it? Name a few.
Free association of states, evolution of British Empire
After WWI
56 countries
Canada, India, Australia, New Zealand
98
How were the 1920s and 1930s known as? What happened in Canada at the time?
Roaring Twenties
Dirty Thirties (after 1929's stock market crash leading to Great Depression)
Unemployment reached 27% in 1933, businesses wiped out, farmers hit hardest by low grain prices and a terrible drought
99
Why was the Bank of Canada founded and when?
What were other demands for the government at that time?
What happened with immigration?
To become a central bank to manage the money supply after Great Depression and bring stability to the financial system
1934
Create social safety net with minimum wages, standard work week and unemployment insurance
Immigration dropped, refugees turned away, including Jews from Nazi Germany in 1939
100
Who was Phil Edwards? Where was he born? What did he became an expert in?
Canadian track and field champion
British Guiana
Won bronze medals for Canda in 1928, 1932 and 1936 Olympics
Graduated from McGill Medical School
Served as captain in WWII and became a doctor in Montreal
Tropical diseases
101
What did the 15,000 Canadian troops captured on June 6th 1944? Why is it important? Who captured it in a painting? What other battles did Canada participate in around that time?
Juno Beach
Part of the Allied invasion of Normandy (D-Day) on WWII, one in ten soldiers was Canadian
Orville Fisher
Liberation of Italy in 1943-44
Liberation of Netherlands in 1944-45
Helped force German surrender on May 8, 1945
102
How many Canadians and Newfoundlanders served in WWII? Where did they suffer losses? What were their main contributions?
One million, out of 11.5 million population, 44k killed
Unsuccessful defence of Hong Kong (1941)
Failed raid on Dieppe (1942)
RCAF (Air Force) joined Battle of Britain
Contributed more than any other Commonwealth country to air effort with 130k Allied air crew trained in Canada under British Commonwealth Air Training Plan
RCN (Navy) protected merchant ships against German submarines in the Battle of the Atlantic
Merchant Navy helped to resupply Britain
Canada had the 3rd largest navy after WWII
103
What were the actions of Japan against Canada in the Pacific war? When did they surrender? What were the consequences of these actions after the war?
Invaded Aleutian islands
Attached lighthouse on vancouver Island
Launched fire balloons over BC and the Prairies
Maltreated Canadian war prisoners captured at Hong Kong
Aug. 14th 1945
Forcible relocation of Canadians of Japanese origin by Federal government, selling property without compensation. Canada apologized in 1988 and compensated the victims.
