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Criminal Behaviour > Canadian corrections: assessment, treatment and management > Flashcards

Canadian corrections: assessment, treatment and management Flashcards

1
Q

6 reasons on why to assess risk

A
  • Identify those likely to commit new crimes, including those who may be “dangerous”
  • sentencing
  • treatment planning
  • assessment of changes in risk
  • release decisions
  • preventative detention (prevent further illegal actions)
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2
Q

Is risk dynamic or static

A

it is dynamic
- age (early 20’s is more likely)
- treatment change
- change of environment and community support

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3
Q

What is recidivism

A

reoffending
- committing a new criminal offense following previous detention or release

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4
Q

What are the four subtypes of recidivism

A
  • violent
  • nonviolent
  • sexual
  • general (misc.)
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5
Q

What is the purpose of risk assessment

A

to PREVENT new crimes from occurring, inform risk management

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6
Q

What are the 6 steps of risk assessment

A
  • use of multiple info sources
  • assess multiple domains of functioning
  • use of multiple assessment methods
  • evaluate the credibility of info sources
  • assess static and dynamic risk factors
  • assessment of strengths and protective factors
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7
Q

What are static variables

A

variables that tend no to change and are frequently historical in nature (e.g are at release, prior offenses, male victim etc.)

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8
Q

What are dynamic variables

A

variables that have the potential to change from treatment, experience or other change agents

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9
Q

challenges in risk assessment (RA)

A

Low base rates - rate events are hard to predict - some forms of recidivism are quite rare (sexual murder) compared to more frequent (property crime)

Implications : must be aware of base rates in making risk appraisals - not to low, not too high

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10
Q

What is the first generation of RA

A

collect info: conduct interviews, review files, etc.
make general assessments or global predictions
GFI

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11
Q

What are the strengths of 1Gen RA

A
  • can explore many different aspects of client’s situation
  • can reflect upon circumstances
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12
Q

What are the weaknesses of 1Gen RA

A
  • subject to too much personal bias
  • can lead to over prediction (false +)
  • subjective. intuitive, gut feelings
  • decision rules not observable
  • overlook or overemphasize info
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13
Q

What is second gen RA

A

objective, empirically based static RA instruments
- also known as static actuarial or empirical actuarial tools

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14
Q

What is the definition of actuarial

A

items (predictors) are statistically associated with increased recidivism
- individual items mat be weighted differently

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15
Q

What are the strengths of 2Gen RA

A

objective and accountable
cover important static risk factors
clearly articulated decision rules

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16
Q

What are the weaknesses of 2Gen RA

A

-consist of static predictors only
- not capable of measuring change
- item weights may not generalize
- atheoretical - can get weird combinations of predictors sometimes

17
Q

What is SIR Scale

A

Statistical information on recidivism scale: 15 variables

18
Q

What’s an example of a static actuarial tool

A

-weighted score on 15 static items ( score range from -27 to + 30)
- grouped into 5 categories/risk group
- every male non-aboriginal offender in CSC has the SIR scale rated on them at intake

19
Q

11 Sample SIR Items

A
  • marital status
  • interval at risk since last offense
  • previous imprisonment
  • previous parole breech
  • current total aggregate sentence
  • escape history
  • security classification
  • previous conviction for break and enter
  • age at first adult conviction
  • employment status at arrest
  • previous convictions for assault
20
Q

Third generation RA

A
  • RA tools include both static and dynamic risk items informed by theory and research
  • involves an integration of assessment and treatment
21
Q

What are the strengths of 3Gen RA

A
  • assess a much wider range of variables
  • consist of both static and dynamic variables
  • sensitive to change as a result of “maturation” or effective programming
  • theoretically based rather than empirically driven
22
Q

What are the weaknesses of 3Gen RA

A
  • May not be able to capture change
  • may not be specific
  • follow through to case closure may not be explicit
23
Q

What is LSI-R

A

level of service inventory-revised
- many variants of the LSI family of measures
- 54 items scored present or absent
- five risk levels
(Very low, low, moderate, moderate-high, high)

24
Q

Fourth Generation of RA

A

designed to be integrated into:
- the process of risk management
- the selection of intervention modes and targets for treatment
- the assessment of rehabilitation progress
Guides and follows service and supervision from intake through case closure

25
Q

What are the strengths of 4Gen RA

A
  • Assessed variables are explicitly linked to criminal recidivism
  • includes static and dynamic variables
  • sensitive to change as a result of “maturation” or effective programming
  • follows client to case closure
26
Q

What are the weaknesses of 4Gen RA

A

None unique to fourth gen tools; but some general shortcomings indicative of all measures

27
Q

Meta-analysis of 80 correctional treatment studies (154 treatment comparisons) of juvenile and adult offenders
Services subdivided into 4 types:

A
  1. criminal sanctions - just plain prison, probation, etc
  2. Inappropriate services - contraindicated for offenders (e.g scared straight)
  3. Appropriate services - CBT/behavioural based
  4. unspecified services - As is
28
Q

What are the three basic principles for effective treatment for correctional populations

A
  1. Risk
  2. Need
  3. Responsivity
29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE: level of intensity of treatment should match the level of risk presented by the client

A

TRUE: High risk clients receive high intensity treatment, low risk clients receive few or minimal services

30
Q

What is the need principle

A
  • effective correctional treatment directly target criminogenic
  • criminogenic needs: “crime-causing”
  • also known as dynamic risk factors
  • improvement in criminogenic needs = reductive in risk for re-offending
31
Q

Specific responsivity factors include:

A
  • cognitive/intellectual deficits
  • mental health/illness
  • motivation
  • demographic variables
  • cultural factors
  • psychopathy (factor 1)
32
Q

Reframing resistance: what are the stages of change

A
  • precontemplation
  • contemplation
  • preparation
  • action
  • maintenance
  • lapse/relapse
33
Q

possible ways to address responsivity

A
  • be sensitive to educational attainment of offenders
  • sensitive to cultural differences (eg. combine traditional and westernized treatment approaches)
  • assess motivation and treatment readiness
  • stage matched interventions (eg. behavioural interventions for preparation stage)
  • motivational interviewing
34
Q

Core correctional practice interaction skills (5)

A
  • relationship practices
  • dealing with resistance
  • effective reinforcement
  • effective disapproval
  • effective use of authority
35
Q

intervention skills (4)

A
  • anti-criminal modeling
  • skill-building
  • problem-solving
  • cognitive restructuring

Criminal Behaviour (4 decks)

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